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| excess_mortality = <!-- Deaths directly due to famine starvation -->
| excess_mortality = <!-- Deaths directly due to famine starvation -->
| from_disease = <!-- Indirect famine deaths from subsequent diseases -->
| from_disease = <!-- Indirect famine deaths from subsequent diseases -->
| total_deaths =
| total_deaths = 20 million - 25 million
| refugees = <!-- Refugees -->
| refugees = <!-- Refugees -->
| observations =
| observations =

Revision as of 10:24, 6 March 2022

Chinese famine of 1906–1907
A beggar on the street in circa 1907.[1]
CountryQing dynasty Qing China
Locationnorthern Anhui and northern Jiangsu
Period1906–1907
Total deaths20 million - 25 million
Theory1906 China floods, poor harvest
ReliefThousands of tons of food donated via private donations[1]
ConsequencesContributed to the causes of the 1911 Revolution[1]

The Chinese famine of 1906–1907 struck the middle and lower course of Huai River in Qing China from Autumn 1906 to Spring 1907, administratively in northern Anhui and northern Jiangsu provinces.[3] This Chinese famine was directly caused by the 1906 China floods (April–October 1906), which hit the Huai River particularly hard and destroyed both the summer and autumn harvest.[4]

Affected area

Northern Anhui

On 21 December 1906, Shen Bao reported 16 counties in northern Anhui to have particular high mortalities.[5] The edict by Emperor Guangxu on 9 February 1907 waived agricultural taxes to 40 counties in northern Anhui.[6] The 40 counties were:.[7]

Northern Jiangsu

On 29 November 1906, Duanfang, the Viceroy of the Two Yangtze Provinces requested Emperor Guangxu to permit Jiangsu to redirect the imperial taxes to disaster relief. He cited 13 counties to be disaster-stricken.[8]

Death toll

The primary sources only report fatalities in selected villages or counties.[3] On 21 December 1906, Shen Bao, a leading Shanghai newspaper, reported "a precise death toll has become clear recently in 16 respective counties in Anhui" and amounted to 23,300.[5] Another newspaper[which?] reported that victims amounted to 5,000 daily.[2]

Anhui and Jiangsu had a combined population of 42.1 million as of 1911.[9][10] Two modern commentaries estimate the total famine deaths in the range of 20–25 million, implying that most of the population of northern Anhui and northern Jiangsu population were wiped out, but offering no explanation on how the calculation is made.[1][2] As author Bas Dianda commented:

It is very difficult to distinguish fatalities due to the famine from deaths caused by the violence; however, some estimate placed the excess of lethality of the period at 20–25 million dead [...] Such a figure, though including deaths from starvation as well as repression, are appalling."[2]

Relief work

It is the first time in Qing dynasty history when the government formally acknowledged and collaborated with private organizations in disaster relief work ("官かん义合办"), which attracted a lot of academic interest.[11][12] The relief campaign is coordinated by Sheng Xuanhuai and Lü Haihuan, two statesmen of Jiangsu origin. The lack of Anhui elites in Shanghai, however, led to a huge funding disparity to the much more stricken northern Anhui.[3]

Most of the foreign relief fund came from American missionaries. The American Red Cross and the American newspaper Christian Herald furnished over two-thirds of foreign funds sent to China.[13][14] The Central China Famine Relief Fund Committee was established to coordinate foreign efforts.[15]

On 26 June 1907, The Argus reported that the crisis was at an end.[16]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Kte'pi, Bill (2011). Encyclopedia of Disaster Relief. SAGE Publications. pp. 69, 70. ISBN 978-1-4129-7101-0. Also as Kte'pi, Bill (2011). Chinese Famine (1907). doi:10.4135/9781412994064. ISBN 9781412971010. Retrieved 13 December 2019. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  2. ^ a b c d Dianda, Bas (2019). Political Routes to Starvation: Why Does Famine Kill?. Vernon Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-62273-508-2.
  3. ^ a b c Yuan, Fei (2014). "光こう绪三さん十じゅう二年苏皖水灾中的救济差异及皖北困境" [Favor One More Than Another: Differences in Relief Efforts in Jiangsu and Anhui Provinces’ after the Flood of 1906]. The Qing History Journal (4): 62–63. Archived from the original on 2021-12-24.
  4. ^ Li, Zhuohua [李り灼华] (Guangxu 33-2-15 [28 March 1907]). "奏そう為ため皖北賑にぎわい款不敷じき擬なずらえ請截留とめ練兵れんぺい經費けいひ賑にぎわい撫なで事ごと". In Grand Council Copies of Palace Memorials [军机处录副ふく奏そう折おり], First Historical Archives of China #03-5610-006. "入にゅう秋水しゅうすい退すさ, 趕種秋あき禾, 乃中秋ちゅうしゅう前後ぜんご雨う勢いきおい傾かたぶけ盆ぼん, 不ふ減げん於夏, 河水こうすい復ふく相しょう灌注, 晚ばん稼掃蕩そうとう一いち空そら, 遍あまね野の源げん嗷, 流亡りゅうぼう相しょう屬ぞく... 近きん聞飢民みん餓かつえ斃者，日にち凡四五ご十じゅう人にん，有ゆう閹家男おとこ婦ふ投とう河かわ自盡じじん者しゃ，有ゆう轉てん徙出境さかい沿途倒たおせ斃者，道みち殣相望もち，慘むご不ふ忍にん聞". As cited in 李り文海ぶんかい; 林はやし敦あつし奎; 周しゅう源はじめ; 宫明 (1990). 近代きんだい中国ちゅうごく灾荒纪年 [Disaster Annals in Modern China]. pp. 724–725.
  5. ^ a b "皖北水すい災わざわい節略せつりゃく". Shen Bao. 21 December 1906. p. 1. 近来きんらい死亡しぼう人口じんこう尤ゆう确，计涡阳、蒙こうむ城しろ、亳州三さん处男女だんじょ死亡しぼう四よん千せん余よ口くち，颍上、阜阳两处死亡しぼう三さん千せん余よ口くち，太ふとし和わ男女だんじょ死亡しぼう六ろく百ひゃく余よ口くち，霍邱较少，凤阳、怀远、凤台三さん处男女だんじょ死亡しぼう三さん千せん余よ口くち，灵壁、宿やど州しゅう两处男女だんじょ死亡しぼう七なな千せん余よ口くち，寿ことぶき州しゅう、定てい远两处男女だんじょ死亡しぼう二に千せん余よ口くち，五ご河かわ、泗州两处男女だんじょ死亡しぼう三さん千せん余よ口くち，盱眙男女だんじょ死亡しぼう七なな百ひゃく余よ口くち As cited in Yuan, Fei (2014). "光こう绪三さん十じゅう二年苏皖水灾中的救济差异及皖北困境" [Favor One More Than Another: Differences in Relief Efforts in Jiangsu and Anhui Provinces’ after the Flood of 1906]. The Qing History Journal (4): 62–63. Archived from the original on 2021-12-24.
  6. ^ 李り文海ぶんかい; 林はやし敦あつし奎; 周しゅう源はじめ; 宫明 (1990). 近代きんだい中国ちゅうごく灾荒纪年 [Disaster Annals in Modern China]. pp. 724–725.
  7. ^ 大だい清德せいとく宗景むねかげ皇帝こうてい实录, 卷まき五ご百ひゃく六ろく十じゅう八はち [Veritable Records of Guangxu Emperior, Volume 568]. 1921. 蠲缓安徽あんき宿やど、灵壁、泗、五ご河かわ、凤阳、临淮、凤台、颍上、当とう涂、和かず、建けん平ひらめ、无为、怀远、亳、涡阳、全ぜん椒はじかみ、宣せん城じょう、寿ことぶき、定てい远、含山、芜湖、太ふとし和わ、盱眙、怀甯、铜陵、建德けんとく、东流、巢す、霍邱、蒙こうむ城しろ、滁、阜阳、贵池、合ごう肥こえ、潜せん山さん、宿やど松まつ、繁昌はんじょう、庐江、桐きり城じょう、来らい安やす、四よん十じゅう厅州县。新旧しんきゅう漕こげ粮田赋有差さ。
  8. ^ Duan, Fang [端はし方かた] (Guangxu 32-10-14 [29 November 1906]). "奏そう為ため江蘇ちぁんすー各州かくしゅう縣けん被災ひさい極ごく重じゅう賑にぎわい撫なで需款截撥新しん漕こげ等とう事ごと". In Grand Council Copies of Palace Memorials [军机处录副ふく奏そう折おり], First Historical Archives of China #03-5609-059. 徐じょ州しゅう所属しょぞく之の宿やど迁、睢宁、邱州，海うみ州しゅう及所属しょぞく之の赣榆、沐阳，淮安所属しょぞく之の安やす东为最さい重じゅう”， “淮安所属しょぞく之の清河きよかわ、桃源とうげん次じ之の”，“徐じょ州しゅう所属しょぞく之の铜山、萧县，淮安所属しょぞく之の山やま阳、阜宁……又次またじ之これ” As cited in Yuan, Fei (2014). "光こう绪三さん十じゅう二年苏皖水灾中的救济差异及皖北困境" [Favor One More Than Another: Differences in Relief Efforts in Jiangsu and Anhui Provinces’ after the Flood of 1906]. The Qing History Journal (4): 62–63. Archived from the original on 2021-12-24.
  9. ^ "一いち、中ちゅう华人民じんみん共和きょうわ国こく成立せいりつ前まえ的てき人口じんこう调查和かず普ひろし查". 江こう苏省志こころざし·人口じんこう志こころざし [Jiangsu provincial gazette: Volume on Population]. 男女だんじょ合あい计：25883336
  10. ^ "第だい二に节 清朝せいちょう时期". 安徽あんき省しょう志こころざし·人口じんこう志こころざし [Anhui provincial gazette: Volume on Population]. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. 1911年ねん：口くち 16229052
  11. ^ 王おう丽娜 (2008). 光ひかり绪朝江こう皖丙午ひのえうま赈案研究けんきゅう. School of History, Renmin University (PhD thesis).
  12. ^ 樊超杰 (2014). 光ひかり绪三さん十じゅう二年苏北水灾赈济研究. 山やま东师范大学がく (Master thesis).
  13. ^ "CHINESE EXHUMING CORPSES FOR FOOD", San Francisco Call, Volume 101, Number 128, 7 April 1907, p.39.
  14. ^ Curti, Merle (1963). American Philanthropy Abroad: A history. p. 216.
  15. ^ Darroch, J (1907). Report of the Central China Famine Relief Fund Committee. Shanghai: North China Daily News and Herald Ltd.
  16. ^ "CHINA'S FAMINE". Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 - 1954). 1907-06-26. p. 10. Retrieved 2020-06-17.
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