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IM planned for up to three trajectory adjustment maneuvers during the trans-lunar phase of the mission.<ref name="im-2-16" /> The first was completed on 18 February,<ref name="im-2-19" /> and after the second maneuver on 20 February, there was no need for a third.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/a-lunar-odyssey-odie-lander-touches-down-on-the-moon/ |title=A Lunar Odyssey: "Odie" Lander Touches Down on the Moon |date=22 February 2024|access-date=22 February 2024|website=skyandtelescope.org}}</ref>
IM planned for up to three trajectory adjustment maneuvers during the trans-lunar phase of the mission.<ref name="im-2-16" /> The first was completed on 18 February,<ref name="im-2-19" /> and after the second maneuver on 20 February, there was no need for a third.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/a-lunar-odyssey-odie-lander-touches-down-on-the-moon/ |title=A Lunar Odyssey: "Odie" Lander Touches Down on the Moon |date=22 February 2024|access-date=22 February 2024|website=skyandtelescope.org}}</ref>


On 20 February IM reported that ''Odysseus'' had completed approximately 72% of its journey to the Moon's surface<ref>[https://www.intuitivemachines.com/im-1 Planned Trajectory Correction Maneuvers Complete Ahead of Lunar Orbit Insertion] Intuitivemachines.com. 20 February 2024. Retrieved 20 February 2024.</ref>
On 20 February IM reported that ''Odysseus'' had completed approximately 72% of its journey to the Moon's surface.<ref>[https://www.intuitivemachines.com/im-1 Planned Trajectory Correction Maneuvers Complete Ahead of Lunar Orbit Insertion] Intuitivemachines.com. 20 February 2024. Retrieved 20 February 2024.</ref>


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Revision as of 13:45, 23 February 2024

See also: Intuitive Machines Nova-C
Not to be confused with IM1.
IM-1
Nova-C Class IM-1 Odysseus in preparation for launch
Mission typeLunar landing
OperatorIntuitive Machines
COSPAR ID2024-030A Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.58963
Mission duration223 days, 18 hours and 36 minutes
(in progress)
216 days, 1 hour and 18 minutes (since landing)
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftNova-C
ManufacturerIntuitive Machines
Launch mass1,900 kilograms (4,200 lb)
Start of mission
Launch dateFebruary 15, 2024, 06:05:00 (2024-02-15UTC06:05Z) UTC (12:05 a.m. EST)
RocketFalcon 9 Block 5
Launch siteKennedy LC-39A
End of mission
Landing dateFebruary 22, 2024, 23:23:00 (2024-02-22UTC23:24Z) UTC
Landing siteMalapert A
Nova-C landers
IM-2 →

The IM-1 mission is the first successful mission of the NASA Commercial Lunar Payload Services program and the first commercial lunar landing.[1] American aerospace company Intuitive Machines designed and developed the Odysseus lunar lander deployed on the Moon.

Odysseus carries six payloads developed by NASA in addition to others from commercial and educational customers.

Background and selection

On 11 December 2017, signing of Space Policy Directive 1 signaled an intention for astronauts to return to the Moon.[2] Excerpts from NASA documents obtained by The New York Times suggested that the agency would prioritize the private spaceflight sector;[3][4] In November 2018, NASA announced the Commercial Lunar Payload Services program, selecting nine companies to deploy payloads for the agency.[5] In May 2019, NASA announced that Astrobotic Technology, Intuitive Machines, and Orbit Beyond would develop lunar landers, awarding Intuitive Machines US$77 million.[6] Intuitive Machines was paid US$118 million to develop the Odysseus lunar lander used in the IM-1 mission.

On January 8, 2024, Peregrine Mission One[7] by Astrobotic Technology was launched on a Vulcan rocket intended to land at Gruithuisen Domes.[8] However, the landing was abandoned after excessive propellant leak observed after launch, leading to the spacecraft re-entering Earth's atmosphere.[9]

Mission hardware

Odysseus was equipped with six instruments developed by NASA, including a laser retroreflector array, a Lidar device, a stereo camera, a low-frequency radio receiver, the Lunar Node-1 beacon, and an instrument to monitor propellant fuel. Additionally, a camera built by students at Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, a planned Moon telescope, and a Jeff Koons art project were on board.[10] Odysseus landed at the Malapert-A crater and will stay active there for about a week, before the Sun sets at the landing site.[11] The Odysseus lander is not designed to survive the lunar night, which lasts about two weeks.[12]

The lander carries the sculpture Moon Phases by Jeff Koons within its payload. This is the first sculpture installation to reach the Moon since Paul Van Hoeydonck's Fallen Astronaut sculpture was placed on the Moon by David Scott of Apollo 15 in 1971.[13][14] Koons describes Moon Phases as, "125 miniature Moon sculptures, each approximately one inch in diameter."[15]

A Radio Frequency Mass Gauge (RFMG) payload is included to estimate how much propellant is available during the IM-1 mission. This is the first long-duration test of an RFMG on a standalone spacecraft.[16]

Name Agency/Company Type
Nova-C Odysseus Intuitive Machines Lunar lander
* ILO-X [17] International Lunar Observatory Instrument
* Laser Retro-Reflector Array[18] NASA Instrument
* Navigation Doppler Lidar for Precise Velocity and Range Sensing[18] NASA Instrument
* Lunar Node 1 Navigation Demonstrator[18] NASA Instrument
* Stereo Cameras for Lunar Plume-Surface Studies[18] NASA Instrument
* Radiowave Observations at the Lunar Surface of the photoElectron Sheath (ROLSES)[19] NASA / University of Colorado Boulder Instrument
* Tiger Eye 1 [20] Louisiana State University Instrument
EagleCam[21] Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University CubeSat
Lunaprise [22] Galactic Legacy Labs Memorial
Moon Phases[23] Pace Verso / 4Space / NFMoon Sculpture

Mission events

Prior to launch

On January 31, 2024, the Odysseus spacecraft was encapsulated in the payload fairing of its Falcon 9 Block 5 launch vehicle.[24] On February 13, two wet dress rehearsals loading Odysseus with propellants were successful and IM announced that they were ready for launch.[25][26]

Launch

The Falcon 9 Block 5 launches from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A.

A Falcon 9 Block 5 launch vehicle carrying Odysseus lifted off from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A at 06:05 UTC on 15 February 2024. Originally planned to launch on 13 February, SpaceX postponed the launch of after reporting a technical issue with propellant loaded onto the lander.[10][27]

Early operations

After separation from the launch vehicle the Nova Control operations center established communication with the lander and conducted initial checkouts. Images captured by the spacecraft after separation from the launch vehicle were released 17 February.[28]

Commissioning maneuver

The lander was scheduled to perform a main engine “commissioning burn” on 15 February. Trent Martin, IM vice president of Space Systems, described this as a “critical step” for the mission.[29] After reporting issues with the IM-1 star tracker and adjustment of the liquid oxygen line cooling time IM reported a successful commissioning burn on 16 February.[30][31] The maneuver resulted in a 21 m/s (47 mph) change in the lander's velocity.[32]

Trajectory correction maneuvers

IM planned for up to three trajectory adjustment maneuvers during the trans-lunar phase of the mission.[30] The first was completed on 18 February,[32] and after the second maneuver on 20 February, there was no need for a third.[33]

On 20 February IM reported that Odysseus had completed approximately 72% of its journey to the Moon's surface.[34]

Animations of IM-1 trajectories
Around the Earth
Around the Moon
   IM-1  ·   Earth ·   Moon

Lunar orbit

Intuitive Machines Odysseus lander performed a scheduled lunar orbit insertion (LOI) maneuver on 21 February. The maneuver altered the velocity by 800 m/s (1,800 mph). IM reported the 408-second main engine LOI burn placed the lander in a 92 km (57 mile) circular lunar orbit.[35] On 22 February IM indicated a "lunar correction maneuver" had been conducted to raise the orbit.[36]

The lander then spent approximately 24 hours orbiting the Moon before its final descent to the lunar surface on 22 February.[37][38][39]

  • In the morning of 21 February IM reported that it had successfully completed its lunar orbit insertion maneuver, that the Odysseus lander's lunar orbital path was approaching the final descent-orbit, and that the mission remained in good health and on schedule for a lunar landing on 22 February.[39]
  • Later in the day on 21 February the Odysseus lander sent back high resolution images of the lunar surface. IM also adjusted the descent burn parameters based on data from the lunar orbit insertion burn. IM reported that Odysseus continued to be in good health. IM described the risks undertaken during the lunar landing phase of the mission as a "challenge".[39] In a later report the lunar lander was experiencing some issues with the sensors system, closer to making its descent to the surface. Teams on the ground were able to troubleshoot the issue by reprogramming Odysseus to rely on an experimental NASA payload on board, the Navigation Doppler Lidar.[40]

EagleCam to record lunar landing

Just before landing, at approximately 30 m (98 ft) above the lunar surface, the Odysseus lander was to eject the EagleCam camera-equipped CubeSat, which would drop onto the lunar surface near the lander, with an impact velocity of about 10 m/s (22 mph). From the surface the EagleCam would attempt to capture the first third-person images of a lunar landing. Images are yet to arrive.[41][42] The EagleCam was to use a Wi-Fi connection to the Odysseus lander to relay its images back to Earth.[43]

Lunar landing

Map showing location of the Malapert "satellite craters."

A favored possible landing site in 2020 was between the Mare Serenitatis plain and the Mare Crisium plain.[44][45] Later on it was decided that the south pole of the Moon was one of the most likely locations to have a suitable source of water for a future manned lunar base.[46]

The Malapert-A crater area just 300 km from the lunar South Pole was chosen because it appeared to be a relatively flat and safe place on which to land near to the lunar South Pole, amongst other considerations.[46][47]

After conducting prelander tests, Odysseus began its landing sequence on February 22 at 23:11 UTC (6:11 PM EST) and landed near Malapert A—an area of the Moon noted to contain water ice—at 23:23 UTC (6:23 PM EST), the first commercial lunar landing and the first landing for the United States since Apollo 17 in 1972.[48] Controllers confirmed that they were receiving faint communications from the lander.[49] Two hours later, they confirmed that it is upright.[40][41] The landing targeted the Malapert-A crater, about 300 km (190 mi) from the lunar south pole.[50] Odysseus became the first American spacecraft moon landing since the Apollo 17 mission in 1972, first successful commercial lunar lander and the first to do so with cryogenic propellants.[51] (The Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite made a hard landing in 2009.)

References

  1. ^ Chang, Kenneth (February 22, 2024). "A U.S.-Built Spacecraft Lands on the Moon for the First Time Since 1972". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 22, 2024. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
  2. ^ Chang, Kenneth (December 11, 2017). "Trump Announces That the Moon Is Astronauts' Next Destination". The New York Times. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
  3. ^ Chang, Kenneth (February 11, 2018). "NASA Budgets for a Trip to the Moon, but Not While Trump Is President". The New York Times. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
  4. ^ Davenport, Christian (February 11, 2018). "The Trump administration wants to turn the International Space Station into a commercially run venture, NASA document shows". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
  5. ^ Chang, Kenneth (November 29, 2018). "NASA Chooses Private Companies for Future Moon Landings". The New York Times. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
  6. ^ Chang, Kenneth (May 31, 2019). "NASA Hires 3 Companies for Moon Science Deliveries". The New York Times. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
  7. ^ McCrea, Aaron (8 January 2024). "Vulcan successfully launches Peregrine lunar lander on inaugural flight". NASASpaceFlight. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  8. ^ Foust, Jeff (2 February 2023). "NASA changes landing site for Peregrine lunar lander". Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  9. ^ Fisher, Jackie Wattles, Kristin (2024-01-08). "Peregrine mission abandons Moon landing attempt after suffering 'critical' fuel loss". CNN. Retrieved 2024-01-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ a b Chang, Kenneth (February 13, 2024). "SpaceX Postpones Launch of Intuitive Machines Moon Mission". The New York Times. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
  11. ^ "Houston company aims to return America to moon's surface with robot lander". CBS News. 14 February 2024. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  12. ^ "SpaceX launches private-sector lunar lander on trail-blazing flight to the moon". CBS News. 15 February 2024. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  13. ^ Ozturk, Selen (2022-04-12). "Jeff Koons to Launch First NFT Project to the Moon". Whitewall. Retrieved 2024-02-07.
  14. ^ "Sculpture, Fallen Astronaut". Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Archived from the original on July 28, 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
  15. ^ "Jeff Koons - Moon Phases". Pace. 12 May 2023.
  16. ^ Bausback, Ellen (6 Feb 2024). "NASA Tests New Spacecraft Propellant Gauge on Lunar Lander". NASA.
  17. ^ "International Lunar Observatory Association, ILO-X Precursor Mission Details". International Lunar Observatory Association. 21 September 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  18. ^ a b c d "Six NASA Instruments Will Fly to Moon on Intuitive Machines Lander". nasa.gov. 13 February 2024. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  19. ^ "Radiowave Observations at the Lunar Surface of the photoElectron Sheath (ROLSES)". 18 July 2019.
  20. ^ "LSU Goes to the Moon". Louisiana State University. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
  21. ^ "EagleCam CubeSat Camera System". erau.edu. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  22. ^ "Galactic Legacy Labs - About Us".
  23. ^ "Jeff Koons: Moon Phases | Pace Gallery". www.pacegallery.com. 2022-06-21. Retrieved 2024-02-07.
  24. ^ Wall, Mike (31 Jan 2024). "SpaceX gearing up to launch private moon lander in February". Space.com.
  25. ^ Robinson-Smith, Will (27 October 2023). "Intuitive Machines targets launch to the Moon in mid-January". Spaceflight Now.
  26. ^ Foust, Jeff. "Intuitive Machines ready for launch of its first lunar lander". SpaceNews. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
  27. ^ Chang, Kenneth (February 14, 2024). "Odysseus, a Private Lunar Lander, Launches Toward the Moon". The New York Times. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
  28. ^ Intuitive Machines Transmits First IM-1 Mission Images In Space Intuitivemachines.com. February 17, 2024. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
  29. ^ Robinson-Smith, Will (13 February 2024). "SpaceX, Intuitive Machines launches robotic lander to the Moon". Spaceflight Now.
  30. ^ a b Intuitive Machines flight controllers successfully fired the first liquid methane and liquid oxygen engine in space Intuitive Machines/ Twitter/ X. February 16, 2024. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
  31. ^ "IM-1 Mission Vehicle Health Update" (PDF). intuitivemachines.com. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
  32. ^ a b "IM-1 Engine Maneuvers Update" (PDF). Intuitive Machines. 19 February 2024.
  33. ^ "A Lunar Odyssey: "Odie" Lander Touches Down on the Moon". skyandtelescope.org. 22 February 2024. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  34. ^ Planned Trajectory Correction Maneuvers Complete Ahead of Lunar Orbit Insertion Intuitivemachines.com. 20 February 2024. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
  35. ^ space.com
  36. ^ "Intuitive Machines Updates IM-1 Landing Time, Carrying NASA Science". nasa.gov. 22 February 2024. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  37. ^ How to watch SpaceX launch the private Intuitive Machines moon lander IM-1 on Feb. 14 live online By Tariq Malik. Space.com. 11 February 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  38. ^ First Intuitive Machines lunar lander ready for launch By Jeff Foust. SpaceNews.com. 3 October 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  39. ^ a b c IM-1 Mission Completes Lunar Orbit Insertion and Enters Lunar Orbit Intuitivemachines.com. 21 February 2024. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  40. ^ a b CNN Live Updates - Odysseus mission aims to make historic moon landing]
  41. ^ a b "Historic Odysseus moon mission marks a milestone in reaching the lunar surface". CNN. 22 Feb 2024.
  42. ^ Second Private U.S. Moon Lander Readies for Launch Scientific American. By Michael Greshko. Feb. 9, 2024. Retrieved February 9, 2024.
  43. ^ "EagleCam". Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, Florida.
  44. ^ "First Commercial Moon Delivery Assignments to Advance Artemis". NASA. 22 Jan 2020.
  45. ^ "Intuitive Machines-1 Orbital Debris Assessment Report (ODAR) Revision 1.1" (PDF). Federal Communications Commission. 22 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  46. ^ a b Intuitive Machines Lunar Landing Site Moves to South Pole NASA.gov. 25 May 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
  47. ^ Foust, Jeff (7 February 2023). "Intuitive Machines moves landing site of first mission to lunar south pole". SpaceNews. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  48. ^ Chang, Kenneth (February 22, 2024). "The Spacecraft Odysseus Has Landed on the Moon". The New York Times. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
  49. ^ "Intuitive Machines-1 Lunar Landing (Official NASA Broadcast)". YouTube. NASA. Event occurs at 1:39:25. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
  50. ^ "Intuitive Machines lands on the moon in historic first for a U.S. company". CNBC. 22 February 2024. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  51. ^ Nova-C lander, referred to as Odysseus, hoping to become first American spacecraft to land on the Moon since the 1970s Foxbusiness.com. By Greg Norman. 15 February 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
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