Changi Airport

Singapore Changi Airport
Iconic control tower of Singapore Changi Airport
IATA: SIN ICAO: WSSS
Summary
Airport type	Public/Military
Owner	Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore
Operator	Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore/ Republic of Singapore Air Force
Serves	Singapore
Location	Changi, East Region
Elevation AMSL	7 m / 22 ft
Coordinates	01°21′33″N 103°59′22″E
Website	www.changiairport.com
Runways
Direction Length Surface m ft 02L/20R 4,000 13,123 Concrete 02C/20C 4,000 13,123 Concrete 02R/20L 2,750 9,022 Asphalt
Statistics (2006)
Passenger movements 35,033,000 Airfreight movements in tonnes 1,911,000 Aircraft movements 214,000
Sources: airport website, CAAS AIP.

Singapore Changi Airport (IATA: SIN, ICAO: WSSS) (Malay: Lapangan Terbang Changi Singapura; Chinese: 新しん加か坡樟宜むべ机つくえ场; pinyin: Xīnjiāpō Zhāngyí Jīchǎng; Tamil: சிங்கப்பூர் சாங்கி விமானநிலையம) or simply Changi Airport, is a major aviation hub in Asia, particularly in the Southeast Asian region, and is the main airport in Singapore. Located in Changi on a Template:Km2 to mi2 site, it is about Template:Km to mi north-east from the commercial centre.

The airport is operated by the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS) and is the home base of Singapore Airlines, Singapore Airlines Cargo, SilkAir, Tiger Airways, Jetstar Asia Airways, Valuair, and Jett8 Airlines Cargo. It is a major hub for Garuda Indonesia and Qantas. As of June 2007, there are about 4,186 weekly flights operated by 81 airlines to over 185 cities in 58 countries. An important contributor to the Singapore economy, 13,000 people are employed at the airport. The airport accounts for over S$4.5 billion in output.

In 2007, the airport handled a record 36.7 million passengers, an 4.8% increase over the 2006 fiscal year. This made it the 22nd busiest airport in the world and the fifth busiest in Asia by passenger traffic. In addition to being an important passenger traffic hub, the airport is one of the busiest cargo airports in the world, handling 1.89 million tonnes of cargo in 2007.. Incentives like the Air Hub Development Fund, first introduced in 2003, have proven effective in attracting airlines here. A new S$300 million fund to strengthen Changi's hub status will start in 2007 when the S$210 million fund expires in 2006. The new S$1.75 billion Terminal 3 opened on 9 January 2008, and Terminal 1 will be upgraded along the lines of the renovated Terminal 2, with the latter costing S$240 million. Changi has been courting both premium and budget travellers with the opening of a commercially important persons terminal by JetQuay and a S$45 million Budget Terminal in 2006.

Since its opening in 1981, the airport has made its mark in the aviation industry as a benchmark for service excellence, winning over 280 awards in a 20-year period from 1987 to 2007 and with 19 Best Airport awards won in 2007 alone. Changi Airport's efforts to counter the onset of age include periodic physical upgrades to its existing terminals, building of new facilities and taking steps to provide a high level of customer service.

History

Departure hall of Terminal 1

Growth in the global aviation transport was felt in Singapore, where Singapore International Airport at Paya Lebar, Singapore's third main civilian airport after Seletar Airport (main airport from 1930-37, still in use today for private aviation and limited commercial flights) and Kallang Airport (1937-55), was facing congestion problems. Opened in 1955 with a single runway and a small passenger terminal, its inability to cope with the rising traffic became critical by the 1970s, when passenger numbers rose dramatically from 300,000 to 1,700,000 passengers annually in 1970 and 4,000,000 annually in 1975.

The government had two options available: expand the existing airport at Paya Lebar or build a completely new airport at another location. After extensive study, a decision was made in 1972 to keep the airport at Paya Lebar as recommended by a British aviation consultant. Plans were created for the building of a second runway and an extensive redevelopment and expansion to the passenger terminal building. A year later, however, the plans were reviewed again due to the 1973 oil crisis.

Concerned that the existing airport was located in an area with potential for urban growth which would physically hem it in on all sides and limit its physical growth, the government subsequently decided in 1975 to build a new airport at the eastern tip of the main island at Changi at the site of Changi Airbase that was renamed from RAF Changi post-independence, and in turn renamed Changi Airbase (West), where the new airport would be easily expandable by land reclamation. However, the airport still had to be expanded during that period of time as there was an increase in traffic at that time. In addition, airplanes could fly over the sea, avoiding noise pollution issues within residential areas like those at Paya Lebar and helping to avoid disastrous consequences on the ground in the event of an air mishap. The airport in Paya Lebar was subsequently converted for military use as the Paya Lebar Airbase.

Construction

The airport was one of the largest single development projects in its history. Land reclamation works involving over Template:M2 to ft2 of landfill and seafill began in June 1975, even as the airport at Paya Lebar was still in the midst of expansion works. About Template:Km2 to mi2 of swamp land was cleared and filled with Template:M2 to ft2 of earth from the nearby hills, while another Template:M2 to ft2 of sand from the seabed were used to reclaim land. The contractor was PentaOcean Construction (五洋建設ごようけんせつ), a Japanese construction firm directly involved in numerous land reclamation projects in Singapore. Canals were built to drain water from three rivers, Sungei Tanah Merah Besar, Sungei Ayer Gemuroh and Sungei Mata Ikan. In total, Template:Km2 to mi2 were reclaimed, raising the total site area to Template:Km2 to mi2. Of this, landfill accounted for Template:Km2 to mi2 while seafill represented Template:Km2 to mi2. The construction also demolished 558 buildings, exhuming around 4100 graves, a Template:Cm to in gun emplacement at Changi, and diverting the three streams to the western side of the former Royal Air Force runway, which was to be used for the new Template:M to ft runway. All of these works were completed in May 1977. From 1977 to 1979, it was used to pile-driving the foundation of Terminal 1 and other buildings as well. The foundation stone for Terminal 1 was laid in August 1979. The Template:M to ft high control tower is built on reclaimed land, with its design becoming an icon for the airport. The original name of the control tower was "Aitropolis", but was seldom used. The column-free hangar with an area almost as large as the Padang could hold three Boeing 747s. Its roof was constructed in Batam, and was shipped to Singapore in four separate sections by barge. A special jetty was build on the coast to obtain fuel from the Western Islands by shipping it round the coast. The fuel is pumped for a mile to the airport fuel station run by six oil companies on the north-eastern perimeter. The pipelines then leads to all the parking bays through a pipe some Template:M to ft below ground level.

The first phase costing about S$1.3 billion opened on 1 July 1981 with the first flight, Singapore Airlines Flight 101, touching down at 0700 hours Zulu with 140 passengers from Kuala Lumpur. Officially opened with much fanfare five months later on 29 December 1981, the airport ended its first year operations with 12.1 million passengers, close to 200,000 tonnes of air freight handled and 63,100 aircraft movements. Despite the airport opening in 1981, some sections of the airport were not fully completed. The big aircraft hangar was only completed in 1982, and the first runway was fully completed only in 1983. It was then when the now defunct government department, the Public Works Department then decided to focus on the construction of the second runway on the reclaimed land east of the Terminal 1. The sections of phase 2 opened progressively over the next few years with the completion of a second runway as well as other facilities. In 1985, the construction work on Terminal 2 started, south of Terminal 1. Terminal 2 was completed in 1989, and was opened in November 1990 with its official opening on June 1 1991 by Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong. The opening of the second terminal was way ahead of passenger demand.

Expansion

File:380CHANGI.JPG

The first commerically used A380, Singapore Airlines 9V-SKA, parked at Terminal 2

Brightly-lit check-in counters at Terminal 3; the round holes are the air-conditioning vents—they are placed at a lower level to diffuse cool air more efficiently.

The airport has a development policy of always building years ahead of demand to help to avoid congestion problems common in major airports and maintain high service standards. While the original master plan details plans for two passenger terminals, there have been provisions to provide for long-term expansion initiatives, including the allocation of space for a third terminal planned to have a physical configuration mirroring that of Terminal 2.

Construction of this terminal, Terminal 3, began in 1999, at an estimated cost of about S$1.75 billion. Originally planned for completion in 2006, the date was postponed by two years after global terrorism concerns delayed growth of air traffic in the airport. On 30 May 2006, a topping out ceremony for the terminal was conducted, and an open house was held from 12 November 2007 to 9 December 2007. Test flights were held from 12 November until 3 January where the baggage handling, check-in and ground handling systems were tested. The terminal became operational on 9 January 2008 with SQ1 from San Francisco via Hong Kong being the first flight to arrive at the new terminal at 1156 local time (0356 UTC) and SQ318 at 1315 local time (0515 UTC) being the first departing flight. The terminal increases the airport's maximum passenger capacity annually by 22 million, bringing the total annual capacity up to 70 million passengers. Also being construction was a new full-service nine-story Crowne Plaza Hotel immediately adjacent to Terminal 3.

Changing needs in the aviation industry led to reviews in the master plan, resulting in the decision to cater to the high-end as well as budget sectors of the air travel industry. Although the pioneering airport to conceptualise and construct a Budget Terminal in Asia, it became operational on 26 March 2006 a few days after the opening of a similar terminal in Kuala Lumpur, and was officially opened on 31 October 2006. A dedicated stand-alone "Commercially Important Person" (CIP) terminal operated by JetQuay, started operations on 15 August 2006 and officially opened on 29 September 2006. It is the first luxury airport terminal in Asia.

Even as new terminals are being built, the airport continuously upgrades and expands its existing terminals. Terminal 1 went through its first major refurbishment in 1995 at a cost of S$ 170 million, prior to the commencement of expansion works a year later to add 14 aerobridges at a cost of S$420 million, which was completed in 1999. Terminal 2 was similarly expanded almost immediately after its opening in 1990, with the addition of two piers of aerobridges costing S$330 million and completed in 1996. In 2002, work commenced on the new Changi Airport Skytrain as well as the Terminal 2 building, and on 13 September 2006, the airport marked the completion of an extensive upgrade costing S$240 million in Terminal 2, which included an updated glass-fronted facade, interior decor, and terminal layout modifications.

With the impending arrival of the Airbus A380, the airport put into place modifications works costing S$60 million, which it has planned for since the late 1990s. These included the building of 19 gates capable of handling the large aircraft, eight of which are in Terminal 3. Baggage claim carousels, runways, and taxiways were expanded, and two new freighter aircraft stands and two remote aircraft parking stands built. 2 aircraft taxiway bridges spanning Airport Boulevard leading to the terminals also had shields installed on either side to shield the road from the jet blast. On 11 November 2005, the airport became the first outside Europe to receive the A380 for airport compatibility verification tests, and was the first in the world to have an operational triple-passenger loading bridge fit for trials.

Extensive upgrading works in Terminal 1 similar in scale to the recently completed works at Terminal 2 commenced in September 2007. Resurfacing works costing S$50m on its dual runways and older taxiways will also be conducted. Terminal 3 was tested in 2007 to prepare for its 2008 opening. Changi Airport will also continue to improve the security systems of Changi Airport such as access controls and surveillance systems to make the airport safer for travellers. Transport Minister Raymond Lim also added that the "software" of the airport had to be improved as well.

In 2006, a short runway was opened for Changi Airbase (East) on the site, an interim measure in preparation for its eventual expansion for passenger flights. It will be the first element in what may double the area of the existing airport in the next few decades.

Accidents and incidents

Aircraft en route from Singapore

• On the night of 10 January 2008, a Singapore Airlines Airbus A380, rolled onto a grass verge while being pushed back by a tow truck at the newly opened Terminal 3. No one was injured.

• On 31 October 2000, Singapore Airlines Flight 006, a Boeing 747-400 from Singapore to Los Angeles via Taipei collided with runway equipment at Chiang Kai Shek International Airport, killing 83 out of 179 people on board.

• On 12 July 1988, a North American Rockwell CT-39E Sabreliner of the United States Navy departing for Subic Bay International Airport, the Philippines, crashed into the South China Sea. The crew were rescued by a Vietnamese fishing boat.

Aircraft en route to Singapore

• On 17 October 2007, an Antonov An-12BP operated by Imtrec Aviation crash-landed in a flooded rice field while attempting to return to Phnom Penh's Pochentong Airport, due to a problem encountered during the flight.

• On 11 October 2007, a stowaway, Osama R.M. Shublaq fell out of the undercarriage of Singapore Airlines Flight 119 from Kuala Lumpur. Airport police arrested him and was deported back to Malaysia a week later.

• On 12 March 2003, a Boeing 747-412 operated by Singapore Airlines departing Auckland International Airport struck its tail on the runway on liftoff and it scraped for some Template:M to ft until it became airborne.

• On 13 December 2002, a McDonnell Douglas DC-8-62F operated by Arrow Air flying from Yokota Air Base was approaching runway 20R. Due to a miscommunication between the First Officer and Captain during landing, when the aircraft touched down where only about 1,500 m of the runway remained available. The aircraft overran the runway and came to rest about 300 m from its end.

• On 30 January 2001, a Boeing 777-31H operated by Emirates Airline Flight 69 aborted its take-off run on runway 16 of Melbourne Airport, at low speed as a result of a failure within the left (No.1) engine.

• On 19 December 1997, a Boeing 737-36N operated by SilkAir (SilkAir Flight 185) that took off from Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, Jakarta started a rapid descent, then broke up in flight and crashed into the Musi river delta. It has been suggested by the US NTSB that the captain may have committed suicide by switching off both flight recorders and intentionally putting the Boeing 737 in a dive, possibly when the first officer had left the flight deck.

• On 25 March 1991, an Airbus A310 operated by Singapore Airlines (Singapore Airlines Flight 117) that departed from Kuala Lumpur was hijacked by four men en route to Singapore. The hijackers wanted the plane refuelled so that they could fly to Australia. When the plane landed in Singapore, elite Commandos stormed the plane, killing the four Pakistani hijackers.

Infrastructure

Infrastructure
Departure Hall of Terminal 1
Taxiways
Length	Template:M to ft
Width	Template:M to ft
Passenger terminal buildings
Total
Floor area	Template:M2 to ft2
Handling capacity	c. 70 million passengers
Parking bays	92 (aerobridge) 10 (contact) 42 (remote)
Terminal One
Opened	1 July 1981 (operational) 29 December 1981 (official)
Floor area	Template:M2 to ft2
Handling capacity	21 million passengers
Parking bays	29 (aerobridge) 16 (remote)
Terminal Two
Opened	22 November 1990 (operational) 1 June 1991 (official)
Floor area	Template:M2 to ft2
Handling capacity	23 million passengers
Parking bays	35 (aerobridge) 9 (remote)
Terminal Three
Opened	9 January 2008 (operational)
Floor area	Template:M2 to ft2
Handling capacity	22 million passengers
Parking bays	28 (aerobridge) 1 (remote)
Budget Terminal
Opened	26 March 2006 (operational) 31 October 2006 (official)
Floor area	Template:M2 to ft2
Handling capacity	2.7 million passengers[1]
Parking bays	10 (contact)
JetQuay (CIP Terminal)
Opened	15 August 2006 (operational) 29 September 2006 (official)
Floor area	Template:M2 to ft2
Handling capacity
Parking bays	0

Given limited land resources, Singapore Changi Airport was conceptualised to function as the country's primary airport for the foreseeable future without the need for relocation or the building of another airport when passenger figures increased. Long-term plans for the airport thus gave physical provisions in the form of reclaimed land nearly equal in size to that of the existing airport, with enough space for two more runways and at least two new passenger terminal buildings.

The master plan for the existing airport initially involved a dual-terminal and dual-runway configuration over two phases with provisions for another two passenger terminals in the near future. Phase 1 included the construction for the first passenger terminal, the first runway, 45 aircraft parking bays, support facilities and structures, including a large maintenance hangar, the first fire station, workshops and administrative offices, an airfreight complex, two cargo agents buildings, in-flight catering kitchens and an Template:M to ft control tower. Construction for the second phase would commence immediately after the completion of Phase 1 and include the second runway, 23 new aircraft parking bays in addition to the existing 45 bays, a second fire station and a third cargo agent building.

Air traffic control tower

The Air traffic control tower (ATC) was constructed as part of Phase One of the Changi Airport redevelopment plan.

ATC frequencies:

• Changi Runway Control - 118.60 MHz
• Changi Ground - 124.30 MHz
• Changi Tower - 118.60 MHz, 121.50 MHz
• Changi Approach - 120.30 MHz
• ATIS - 128.60 MHz

Runways

Changi Airport has two parallel runways, 02L/20R and 02C/20C, each Template:M to ft wide and Template:M to ft long. 02L/20R was completed and opened in 1981 as part of the airport's first phase. 02C/20C, formerly 02R/20L, was built completely on reclaimed land and opened with phase 2, Template:Km to mi apart from 02L/20R. Both runways are equipped with four sets of Instrument Landing Systems to guide landing aircraft safely under all weather conditions. Runway 20R has a displaced threshold of Template:M to ft making it Template:M to ft long.

A new parallel runway 02R/20L (named 01/19 when opened in 2004) was built Template:Km to mi to the east of 02C/20C, currently used only by Republic of Singapore Air Force aircraft as part of Changi Airbase (East). The new runway is expected to be extended and eventually be turned into a third runway for the airport in future expansion plans.

Passenger terminals

Changi Airport has five terminals, three of which are connected by a people mover system, with the newest terminal, Terminal 3, opening in January 2008. A terminal for low-cost carriers (Budget Terminal) commenced operation in late March 2006. In September 2006, JetQuay was opened for the high-end spectrum of the air travelling public, bringing the total handling capacity to 68.7 million passengers a year spread over an area of Template:M2 to ft2.

Terminal 1

Swimming pool within the transit area of Terminal 1

Terminal 2

Terminal 2 at Singapore Changi Airport hosts mainly Singapore Airlines flights. It has a connection with Terminal One and it is possible to walk between the two terminals, although it is faster to use the skytrain. Terminal 2 is split into four sections and gate numbers carry the letter of their section. The terminal hosts a cinema and a Burger King as well as countless number of shops. the centrepiece is the indoor garden. The terminal also has an outdoor rooftop garden and a technology section showcasing the world's largest Plasma screen. The carpets are green and the gate information is displayed on LCD screens. Security checks must be completed prior to entering the gate.

Terminal 3

Baggage collection point; the Green Wall (right) spans Template:M to ft and comprises 25 species of climbing plants.

Transit area of Terminal 3

Terminal 3 became operational on 9 January 2008, increasing the airport's annual passenger capacity by 22 million. The terminal has 28 aerobridge gates, with eight capable of handling the Airbus A380. While the other 2 terminals uses separate waiting areas for different gates, Terminal 3 has common waiting areas for some of the gates.

Designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill and CPG Corporation, Terminal 3 departs from the largely utilitarian architecture in the first two terminals. Like other new airports in the region, it has a structure mainly made of glass, with big transparent spaces inside the terminal. However, unlike these newer airports, it incorporates "natural" features and "warm" tone extensively to balance the sterile feel of glass and steel. For example, the column is given a wood-like cladding and the floor of the terminal is mostly cream/ beige colour. The roof has been designed to allow natural light to enter the building, with 900 skylights. A Template:M to ft-high "Green Wall" with hanging creepers and waterfall was incorporated to emhance the tropical feel. The Green Wall also helps to regulate the internal temperature of the terminal with the occasional misting.

Singapore Airlines routes its long-haul flights bound for North America, Europe (excluding Moscow), Japan (excluding flights routed through Bangkok), South Korea, Hong Kong, China, Taiwan, Australia and New Zealand through the new terminal. Star Alliance carriers, which includes Singapore Airlines, are likely to move to Terminal 3 subsequently. Four airlines, namely China Eastern Airlines, Jet Airways, Qatar Airways and United Airlines, have confirmed their move to the new terminal. CAAS is still in talks to move other airlines to the Terminal, although several airlines expressed concern over the dedicated SIA passenger lounge and unique check-in system not open to other airlines to be introduced in Terminal 3. CAAS clarified that a common check-in system may be used by any airline in half of the Terminal space.

Budget Terminal

The air-conditioned low-cost terminal opened in March 2006.

Changi Airport was the second in Asia (after Kuala Lumpur International Airport) to open a dedicated terminal catering to the budget traveller. The name of the Budget Terminal was decided as a result of a naming contest open to the public. The terminal is not included in the numbering scheme even though it is the third terminal to be opened and Terminal 3 is actually the fifth terminal opened at the airport.

In order to offer lower landing fees, handling fees and airport taxes, it cuts back on amenities such as aerobridges, elaborate physical structures and decorations in the passenger terminal building. Air-conditioning, a range of duty-free shops and food & beverage outlets, and free internet terminals are available. There is no transfer facility at the Budget Terminal. Passengers who need to make transfers need to clear immigration, collect their luggage, clear customs, make their way to the main terminal by taking the free shuttle buses and check-in again with the respective airline.

Accomodating the Airbus A380

With Changi-based Singapore Airlines being the launch customer for the Airbus A380, works to ensure full capability in handling the large aircraft was given priority in time for its introduction in October 2007. The Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore spent S$60 million in upgrading the two existing terminals and airport infrastructure, including enlarged gate holdrooms, new finger piers, and extended baggage belt carousels from the normal Template:M to ft to Template:M to ft. With these new carousels in place, the airport does not expect embarking and disembarking passengers and baggage from the A380 to take longer than it does for Boeing 747-400s, which carry significantly fewer passengers. On 16 August 2005, Changi Airport unveiled the first of 11 specially-built gates capable of handling the giant aircraft. Costing S$15 million, the gates or 'fingers' enable passengers to get on the upper cabin of the new 555-seater aircraft directly from the gate hold rooms. The hold rooms themselves have been enlarged and appointed to cater for the larger number of passengers flying the A380s. Beside the 11 new gates at Terminal 1 and 2, eight more A380-capable gates were opened at Terminal 3 on 9 January 2008.

Services

Main article: Singapore Changi Airport awards and accolades

Changi Airport is a top airport in terms of customer service and security and has won over 250 awards and accolades as best airport since its opening in 1981, from organizations such as International Air Transport Association and Business Traveller.

Passenger services

Extensive foliage in Terminal 2 provides relaxation for passengers in the transit area.

The airport has over Template:M2 to ft2 of space spread between its three main terminals for shopping and eating outlets, with Terminal 3 having the largest amount of retail space at Template:M2 to ft2. Extensive upgrading work on existing retail areas since 2004 in Terminals 1 and 2 has increased sales 13.3% in the first half of 2005 year-on-year over 2004, and as much as 67% compared to the same period in 2003, with brands such as Prada, Gucci, Bulgari and Hermès opening outlets during this period. The first Fifa Official Store in the world was opened in Terminal 3, along with Asia's first Ferrari travel retail shop.

In terms of sales, the airport outstrips other shopping malls in Singapore, including those in top tourist spot Orchard Road. The Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore derives 60% of its total annual revenue (over US$500 million in the year ending March 2005) from non-aeronautical sources, with 30% from commercial space rental and a percentage of sale receipts. Liquor and perfumes are particularly popular, accounting for over half of total retail sales, followed by watches and tobacco products. The airport enjoys "one of the highest concession revenues per passenger in the world" compared to other major international airports according to Jeffrey Loke, CAAS' assistant commercial director.

In addition to a wide array of duty-free shops and eating outlets, Changi Airport has six open-air garden areas. Open to customers of the airport, each garden represents a different group of plants: cacti, bamboo, heliconia, sunflower, fern and orchid. Changi Airport has numerous business centres located around the airport. Within the international transit area of the interconnected Terminals 1 and 2, internet and games facilities, prayer rooms, showers, spas, gym, swimming pool and a hotel are provided. Various lounge areas are provided, some including children's play areas or televisions showing news, movie and sport channels.

Aviation services

Ground handling

Ground handling of an Emirates Boeing 777-300 by CIAS in Terminal 1

Ground handling services are handled by three companies: Singapore Airport Terminal Services (SATS), Changi International Airport Services (CIAS) and Swissport. SATS, a subsidiary of Singapore Airlines, is the dominant player with close to 80% of the market in the airport. CIAS was formed in 1981 by the Port of Singapore Authority and five airlines (Air France, China Airlines, Garuda Indonesia, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines and Lufthansa. It handles the remaining market share.

In the early 2000s, the government decided to introduce competition into the market by offering an additional license. Swissair's Swissport successfully won the license (valid for 10 years) and commenced operations on 2 March 2005. As Swissair folded and was subsequently taken over by Swiss International Air Lines, the latter became the company's first customer. Adam Air chose Swissport as its ground handler in 2005, while Tiger Airways followed suit in 2006. Other customers of Swissport include Australian Airlines, Northwest Airlines, Swiss World Cargo, Thai AirAsia and Cardig Air.

CIAS underwent restructuring when its shareholding was bought over by Dubai's Dnata group and Temasek Holdings, being relaunched in June 2005 with a new branding. Its security services were amalgamated into the new Temasek-owned Aetos Security Management Private Limited.

Aircraft maintenance

Five hangars house facilities to provide aircraft maintenance support by SIA Engineering Company and ST Aviation Services Company. This includes a Template:M2 to ft2 column-free hangar which was the world's largest when opened in 1981.

Safety and security

An Aetos auxiliary police officer controlling access to the runway side of the Departure Hall at Terminal 1, Singapore Changi Airport. Such services are now provided by Certis CISCO.

The Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore manages the overall safety and security of the airport. The Airport Management Division of the CAAS manages the airport's security, while the Aviation Security Division overseas the airport's compliance to aviation security (AVSEC) policies, manages AVSEC-related projects, engages overseas partners and plans for business continuity in the event of a national emergency. Operationally, the airport's emergency and fire-fighting services are handled by the Airport Emergency Service Division of the CAAS Regulatory and International Group. The AES handles all instances of rescue and fire-fighting within the airport premises as well as in surrounding waters through its specialists operating from three fire stations around the airport.

The airport's security comes under the purview of the Airport Police Division of the Singapore Police Force. Assisting the state organisations are security services provided by Certis CISCO, an auxiliary police corporation, as well as security screening conducted by ground handling companies, namely that of the Singapore Airport Terminal Services's SATS Security Services and Aetos Security Management, the later of which was formed from a merger of the Changi International Airport Services's airport security unit and that of other companies to become a single, island-wide auxiliary police company. These officers man check-in counters to screen luggage, control movements into restricted areas, and so forth.

Since the September 11, 2001 attacks and naming of the airport as a terrorism target by the Jemaah Islamiyah, the airport's security has been stepped up. Roving patrol teams consisting of two soldiers and a police officer, armed with assault rifles or sub-machine guns, patrol the terminals at random intervals. Officers from the Gurkha Contingent are also deployed to patrol the transit areas of the terminal buildings. These measures come at a cost partly borne by travellers in the form of a "passenger security service charge," imposed since 2002. It is levied at S$6 on passengers in both main terminals and the Budget Terminal. In 2005, it became the first airport outside the United States to win the "Excellence in Airport Security Award".

In 2005, an upgrade in screening technology and rising security concerns led to luggage-screening processes being conducted behind closed-doors, as opposed to them being done just before check-in previously within public view. Carry-on luggage and persons screening are conducted at the individual departure gates, while check-in luggage are screened in the backrooms and secured before loading. Plans are in place to install over 400 cameras around the airport to monitor passenger activity around the clock and check on suspicious parcels and activity. Tenders to incorporate such a system was called in late September 2005. A second perimeter fence to prevent unauthorised persons is due for construction, to be completed by 2008. The Airport Police plans to introduce a biometric identification system for access into restricted areas.

In view of the 2006 transatlantic aircraft plot, security screening checks have been stepped up on passengers and their hand-carry luggage, as well as checked-in luggage on flights bound for destinations in the United Kingdom and the United States from Changi.

Operations

Operational Statistics
The Departure Hall of Terminal 2
Annual Statistics
Passenger movements
1998	23,803,180	2003	24,664,137
1999	26,064,645	2004	30,353,565
2000	28,618,200	2005	32,430,856
2001	28,093,759	2006	35,033,000
2002	28,979,344	2007
Airfreight movements in tonnes
1998	1,283,660	2003	1,611,407
1999	1,500,393	2004	1,775,092
2000	1,682,489	2005	1,833,721
2001	1,507,062	2006	1,911,000
2002	1,637,797	2007
Aircraft movements
1998	165,242	2003	154,346
1999	165,961	2004	184,932
2000	173,947	2005	204,138
2001	179,359	2006	214,000
2002	174,820	2007
Top destinations
By flight frequencies (weekly one-way)
1	Jakarta		184
2	Bangkok		169
3	Kuala Lumpur		108
4	Hong Kong		101
5	Tokyo		63

Passenger operations

A Singapore Airlines Airbus A380 and a Northwest Airlines Boeing 747 at Changi Airport.

As all passenger traffic out of the airport is international in nature, the four major terminals in operation are equipped with immigration processing facilities for international travel. Flights by Singapore Airlines operate from both Terminal 2 and 3 while flights by Singapore Airlines regional subsidiary SilkAir, Etihad, Lufthansa, and some Southeast Asia-based carriers including Malaysia Airlines, Philippine Airlines and Royal Brunei Airlines operate from the Terminal 2, while the majority of other airlines use Terminal 1. Two airlines, namely Tiger Airways and Cebu Pacific, utilize the Budget Terminal.

After recovering from a drop in passenger traffic as a result of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in 2003, the airport saw rapid growth in traffic which hit the 30 million mark for the first time a year later in 2004. A monthly record was set in June 2006 with 2,980,106 passengers handled, an increase of 9.1% in its first six months of operations for 2006. The Budget Terminal handled about 657,000 passengers by October 26, 2006, six months after its opening in March, and constituted 11.3% of total flights in October 2006 compared to 9.6% in April the same year. The terminal handled its one-millionth passenger at the end of the 2006.

The following is a list of passenger airlines and their respective destinations served from Singapore Changi Airport:

Airlines and destinations operating out of Singapore Changi Airport Passenger Terminals

Airlines	Destinations	Terminal
Adam Air	Jakarta	1
Air China	Beijing, Chengdu, Xiamen	1
Air France	Paris-Charles de Gaulle	1
Air India Air India Express Indian Airlines	Delhi, Hyderabad, Jakarta, Mumbai Chennai, Kolkata, Mumbai, Tiruchirapalli, Nagpur [Starting April 2008] Bangalore, Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune	1 1 1
Air Mauritius	Kuala Lumpur, Port Louis	1
Air Niugini	Port Moresby	1
Air Seychelles	Mahé	1
Air Zimbabwe	Beijing, Guangzhou, Harare	1
All Nippon Airways	Tokyo-Narita	1
AirAsia	Kuala Lumpur	1
Asiana Airlines	Seoul-Incheon	1
Bangkok Airways	Koh Samui	1
Biman Bangladesh Airlines	Dhaka	1
British Airways	London-Heathrow, Sydney	1
Cathay Pacific	Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Hong Kong	1
Cebu Pacific	Cebu, Davao [begins 8 May], Manila	Budget
China Airlines	Kaohsiung, Taipei-Taoyuan	1
China Eastern Airlines	Kunming, Shanghai-Pudong	1 [3 from March 2008]
China Southern Airlines	Guangzhou, Shenyang	1
Emirates	Auckland, Brisbane, Colombo, Dubai, Jakarta, Melbourne	1
Etihad Airways	Abu Dhabi, Brisbane	2
EVA Air	Taipei-Taoyuan	1
Garuda Indonesia	Beijing, Denpasar/Bali, Chennai [begins March 2008], Ho Chi Minh City, Jakarta, Medan [begins March 2008], Pekanbaru, Semarang, Shanghai-Pudong, Surabaya	1
Japan Airlines	Kuala Lumpur, Osaka-Kansai, Tokyo-Narita	1
Jet Airways	Bangalore, Chennai, Mumbai, Delhi	1 [3 from March 2008]
Jetstar Asia Airways Valuair	Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Kuala Lumpur [2], Manila, Macau, Phnom Penh, Phuket, Siem Reap, Taipei-Taoyuan, Yangon Denpasar/Bali, Jakarta, Surabaya	1 1
KLM	Amsterdam	1
Korean Air	Seoul-Incheon	1
Lufthansa	Frankfurt, Jakarta, Munich [begins June 8]	2
Malaysia Airlines	Kota Kinabalu, Kuala Lumpur, Kuching, Langkawi, Penang	2
Mihin Lanka	Colombo	1
Northwest Airlines	Portland (OR), Tokyo-Narita	1
Lion Air	Jakarta, Surabaya	1
Philippine Airlines	Jakarta, Manila	2
Qantas Jetstar Airways	Adelaide, Brisbane, Denpasar/Bali, Frankfurt, London-Heathrow, Melbourne, Perth, Sydney Cairns, Darwin, Melbourne [begins 17 April 2008[3]]	1 1
Qatar Airways	Doha, Jakarta	1 [3 from March 2008]
Royal Brunei Airlines	Bandar Seri Begawan	2
Saudi Arabian Airlines	Jakarta, Jeddah, Riyadh	1
Singapore Airlines SilkAir	Departure destinations: Abu Dhabi, Adelaide, Ahmedabad, Amritsar, Bandar Seri Begawan, Bangalore, Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Cairo, Cape Town, Chennai, Colombo, Denpasar, Delhi, Dhaka, Dubai, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Hyderabad, Istanbul-Atatürk, Jakarta, Jeddah, Johannesburg, Karachi, Kolkata, Kuala Lumpur, Lahore, Malé, Manila, Moscow-Domodedovo, Mumbai, Osaka-Kansai [SQ626 only], Penang, Surabaya, Tokyo-Narita [SQ632 only]) [Aircraft will arrive at Terminal 2 if its next outbound destination is to any of the destinations listed above] Balikpapan, Cebu, Chengdu, Chiang Mai, Chongqing, Christmas Island [scheduled charter every Thursday by AustAsia Airlines[4]], Coimbatore, Da Nang, Davao, Kaohsiung, Kathmandu, Kochi, Kota Kinabalu, Kuching, Kunming, Langkawi, Manado, Mataram, Medan, Palembang, Phnom Penh, Phuket, Shenzhen, Siem Reap, Solo, Surabaya, Thiruvananthapuram, Xiamen, Yangon	2 2
Singapore Airlines	Departure destinations: Adelaide, Amsterdam, Athens, Auckland, Barcelona, Beijing, Brisbane, Christchurch, Copenhagen, Frankfurt, Fukuoka, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Houston-Intercontinental [begins 20 March], London-Heathrow, Los Angeles, Manchester, Melbourne, Milan-Malpensa, Moscow-Domodedovo, Nagoya-Centrair, Nanjing, New York-JFK, Newark, Osaka-Kansai [except SQ626], Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Perth, Rome-Fiumicino, San Francisco, Seoul-Incheon, Shanghai-Pudong, Sydney, Taipei-Taoyuan, Tokyo-Narita [except SQ632], Vancouver, Zürich) [Aircraft will arrive at Terminal 3 if its next outbound destination is to any of the destinations listed above]	3
SriLankan Airlines	Colombo	1
Swiss International Airlines	Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Zürich	1
Thai AirAsia	Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Phuket	1
Thai Airways International	Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Jakarta	1
Tiger Airways	Bandar Seri Begawan [begins 2008], Bangalore [begins 1 June], Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Chennai, Chiang Mai, Darwin, Guangzhou, Hanoi, Haikou, Ho Chi Minh City, Kochi, Krabi, Kuala Lumpur[5] Manila-Clark, Macau, Padang, Perth, Phuket, Shenzhen, Xiamen	Budget
Transaero	Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Denpasar/Bali, Moscow-Domodedovo	1
Turkish Airlines	Istanbul-Atatürk	1
United Airlines	Chicago-O'Hare, Hong Kong, Tokyo-Narita, Washington-Dulles	1 [3 from March 2008]
Vietnam Airlines	Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City	1
Xiamen Airlines	Fuzhou, Hangzhou, Xiamen	1

Prospective users

• Delta Air Lines (Plans for flights in recent expansion efforts) [6]
• East Star Airlines (Plans for flights from Wuhan-Singapore) [7]
• Lao Airlines (Charter flights from Vientiane)
• Oman Air (Plans for flights with long haul destination expansion)[8]
• Royal Jordanian (Has been planning to add four new destinations in South-East Asia)
• Shenzhen Airlines (Charter flights from Shenzhen)
• Skywest Airlines (Plans to launch flights by end of 2007) [9]
• South East Asian Airlines (planned to operate using Tiger Airways' planes to Manila-Clark from February 2007, but has yet to materialise) [10]
• Uzbekistan Airways (Cargo charter flights from Tashkent)

Former users

• Aeroflot (Terminated flights due to poor loads)
• Air Bagan (Yangon) (Suspended since 4 Nov 2007 due to US sanctions)
• Air Canada (Code share agreement with *Singapore Airlines)
• Air Macau
• Air Madagascar
• Air New Zealand (Auckland; terminated from 2 October 2006. Codeshares with Singapore Airlines on flights to Auckland and Christchurch) [11]
• Air Sahara (Merge with Jet Airways and has since stop operations to Singapore)
• Alitalia (Codeshares with KLM from Amsterdam)
• Angel Airlines
• Ansett Australia (Due to bankruptcy and liquidation)
• Australian Airlines (terminated from 1 July 2006 after merger into Qantas network)
• Austrian Airlines (services to Vienna and Melbourne terminated in March 2007)
• Bouraq Indonesia Airlines (Terminated flights March 2006)
• Canadian Airlines (Merger with Air Canada in 2001)
• China Southwest Airlines (Merged into Air China in 2002)
• China Yunnan Airlines (Merge into China Eastern Airlines)
• Evergreen International Airlines (From 12 April 2000)
• EgyptAir
• First Cambodia Airlines (Company ceased operations on 25 February 2004 due to financial problems)
• Finnair (via Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi to Helsinki; terminated 16 May 2007)
• Gulf Air (flew Bahrain-Singapore-Sydney route prior to restructuring of company)
• Hainan Airlines (Haikou from 31 March 2002[12], subsequently terminated. Plans to restart flights in December 2004 did not materialise [13]. Currently Charter flights only)
• Jatayu Airlines
• JAT Airways (Belgrade to Sydney via Dubai, Singapore and Melbourne; Terminated flights in 1992 due to UN sanctions on Yugoslavia; never resumed flights)
• Kuwait Airways (Consolidated flights to Jakarta via Bangkok & Kuala Lumpur, maintained cargo services)
• Lauda Air (Taken over by fellow Austrian Airlines Group member Austrian Airlines)
• Mekong Airlines
• Merpati Nusantara Airlines (flights to Singapore from Bandung were terminated in 2007)
• Myanmar Airways International (Codeshares with Jetstar Asia Airways)
• Nepal Airlines
• Olympic Airways
• Pakistan International Airlines (flights via Kuala Lumpur to Islamabad, Karachi and Lahore terminated in July 2007)
• Pan American World Airways (flights via Hong Kong. Route sold to United Airlines on 22 April 1985)
• PB Air
• Riau Airlines
• Royal Air Cambodge (Due to bankruptcy)
• Royal Jordanian (Suspended in the late 90's due to finical reasons, but is considering starting flights in 2008.)
• Sabena
• Scandinavian Airlines System (Terminated from March 26 2006, serves Singapore with codeshare service with Thai Airways International from Bangkok)
• Sempati Air (Due to bankruptcy)
• Shandong Airlines
• South African Airways (Now codeshare with Singapore Airlines)
• Swissair (Ceased operations on March 31 2002 and services restored by Swiss International Air Lines)

Airfreight

The Air Cargo Division of the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore manages the Changi Airfreight Centre located in the north of the airport premises. Fueled by high economic growth in China, the airport handled 1,854,610 tonnes of air cargo in 2005, an increase of 3.3% over the 2004 fiscal year, making it the 10^th busiest airfreight hub in the world and the fifth busiest in Asia. Due to Singapore's large electronics sector, electrical components constitute a significant part of the total cargo traffic handled at the airport, although it has initiated attempts to diversify into the perishable air cargo market.

Relying on extensive use of Information Technology, the Air Cargo Division introduced various IT systems such as the Air Cargo EDI System (ACES), the Advance Clearance for Courier and Express Shipments System (ACCESS) and the Electronic Payment and Invoicing for Cargo (EPIC) to ease customs clearance procedures and movement. It pioneered the TradeNet System, allowing for traders to conduct trade declarations over the internet and speeding the approval process by controlling authorities. TradeNet will be linked to the country-wide Integrated Trade and Logistics IT platform.

Dedicated cargo airlines operating from Singapore Changi Airport include:

Airlines and destinations operating out of Singapore Changi Airport Airfreight Centre

Airlines	Destinations
Air Hong Kong	Hong Kong
Asiana Cargo	Seoul-Incheon
Cargolux	Auckland, Baku, Kuala Lumpur, Los Angeles, Luxembourg, Melbourne
Cathay Pacific Cargo	Hong Kong
China Airlines Cargo	Taipei-Taoyuan
DHL Air
Emirates SkyCargo	Bangalore, Chennai, Dubai
EVA Air Cargo	Taipei-Taoyuan
FedEx Express	Anchorage, Cebu, Jakarta, Newark, Penang, Subic, Tokyo-Narita
JAL Cargo	Tokyo-Narita
Jett8 Airlines Cargo	Dubai, Hong Kong, Jakarta, Luxembourg, Manchester
KLM Cargo	Amsterdam, Dubai, Kuala Lumpur, Penang
Korean Air Cargo	Seoul-Incheon
Lufthansa Cargo	Bahrain, Cologne/Bonn, Leipzig, New Delhi
Nippon Cargo Airlines	Osaka-Kansai, Tokyo-Narita
NWA Cargo	Anchorage, Los Angeles, Tokyo-Narita, Wilmington
Republic Express Airlines
Shanghai Airlines Cargo	Shanghai-Pudong
Singapore Airlines Cargo	See Singapore Airlines Cargo destinations
Tri-MG Intra Asia Airlines	Jakarta-Halim, Jakarta
United Parcel Service	Bangkok, Colonge/Bonn, Dubai, Hong Kong, Manila-Clark, Mumbai, Sydney, Taipei-Taoyuan

Ground transportation

The Changi Airport Skytrain

Entrance to Changi Airport Station

Changi Airport was built with ground transportation considerations in mind from the onset, with the East Coast Parkway built and opened in tendem with the airport, providing a direct link to the city center. At a distance of about Template:Km to mi, the expressway was built almost entirely on reclaimed land, thus minimising disruptions to the existing road network in Singapore's East Coast.

While configured in a compact configuration such that the three main passenger terminal buildings are sited adjacent to each other, allowing for travellers to venture between terminals on foot, a short people mover system was added to facilitate quicker and more convenient transfers. This system is being replaced by a newer system, which will connect the three main terminals in 2007 and will introduce greater security features by separating checked-in passengers from the general public on distinct tracks. This rail system is not extended to the Budget Terminal, which is served by free shuttle buses to minimize operational costs.

Inter-terminal transportation

The Changi Airport Skytrain operates between Terminals 1, 2 and 3, with a total of seven stations. The trains have separate cars for airside (transit) and landside (public) passengers. Initially built in the early 1990s as a shuttle between Terminals 1 and 2 using Bombardier CX-100 cars, the system was revamped to use the Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Crystal Mover in 2006 and extended to Terminal 3 in 2007. The service is free and operates between 5:30am and 2:30am daily. Transportation is also provided to passengers and visitors between Terminal 2 and the Budget Terminal in the form of free shuttle buses. These buses are also deployed to run every 20 minutes during the non-operational hours of the Skytrain, ie between 2:30am and 5:30am.

External connections

The airport is connected to the Mass Rapid Transit network, with Changi Airport Station underground between Terminal 2 and Terminal 3. Trains operate between CG2 Changi Airport Station and EW4 Tanah Merah Station, with cross-platform transfer to EW27 Boon Lay Station. The standard fare is S$1.90 on a standard ticket or adult EZ-Link card. The MRT operates between 5:31am (5:59am on Sunday/Public holiday) and 11:18pm daily, the trip taking 27 minutes, excluding waiting and transfer times. A direct, one-train service to the downtown and western parts of Singapore was initially in operation when the station opened on 8 February 2002. This was replaced with a shuttle service between Tanah Merah and Changi Airport stations on 22 July 2003, when it was found that few passengers actually use this route, compared to the number of commuters who need to travel from the city to Tampines and Pasir Ris.

Buses were the main transport mode for cost-conscious travellers and local airport staff until the opening of Changi Airport MRT Station due to their relative affordability and reliability. Services operated by SBS Transit and SMRT Buses use bus terminals in the basement level of the three main terminals, as well as a bus stop along Airport Boulevard which is connected by a sheltered walkway to the Budget Terminal, making a loop starting from Terminal 3 to Terminal 1, 2, and then the Budget Terminal and back to their destination of origin.

Service	Destination	Notes
SBS Transit Trunk Services
24	Ang Mo Kio Bus Interchange
27	Hougang Central Bus Interchange
34	Punggol Bus Interchange
36	Tomlinson Road (Loop)
53	Bishan Bus Interchange
SMRT Buses Trunk Services
858	Woodlands Regional Bus Interchange

Taxi stands are within the arrival halls of the three main terminals and just outside the Budget Terminal. Prices are the fare shown on meter, plus a S$5.00 surcharge (Fri-Sun, 1700 to midnight) or S$3.00 surcharge (all other times) for trips leaving the airport. Limousine taxi services are available at the limousine taxi counters in the arrival halls of terminals 1, 2 & 3, at a fare of S$35.00 excluding surcharges. Six-seater MaxiCabs are used on the airport shuttle service that goes to anywhere within the Central Business District and to hotels in Singapore, except hotels in Changi Village and Sentosa Island, with bookings at the counters in the arrival hall. The fare paid to the driver, in cash,is S$7.00 per adult and S$5.00 per child. The service leaves every 30 minutes 6:00am - 6:00pm, every 15 minutes 6:15pm - midnight and every 30 minutes 12:30am - 2:00am. Finally, Car rental services are provided at the car rental counters in Terminal 2.

External links

• Singapore Changi Airport Official Site
• Singapore Changi Airport Official Site, Terminal 3
• Singapore Changi Airport Article
• Template:WAD