KGB

For other meanings see KGB (disambiguation).

Committee for State Security
CSS USSR

Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti KGB SSSR Комитет государственной безопасности КГБ СССР
The KGB Sword-and-Shield emblem.
Lubyanka Building in 1991
Agency overview
Formed	13 March 1954 (1954-03-13)
Preceding agencies	Ministry of Internal Affairs Ministry for State Security
Dissolved	November 6, 1991 (de facto) December 3, 1991 (de jure)
Superseding agency	Inter-republican Security Service Central Intelligence Service Committee for State Border Guard
Type	State committee of union-republican jurisdiction
Jurisdiction	Soviet Union
Headquarters	Lubyanskaya ploshchad, 2, Moscow, Russian SFSR
Motto	Loyalty to the party - Loyalty to motherland Верность партии - Верность Родине
Agency executive	Vladimir Kryuchkov (last), Chairman of KGB First Deputy Chairman of KGB
Parent agency	Central Committee of the Party Council of Ministers of the USSR
Child agencies	First Chief Directorate (foreign intelligence) Second Chief Directorate (internal security and counterintelligence) Eighth Chief Directorate (ciphering and government communication) Chief Directorate of Border Forces

The 1954 ukase establishing the KGB.

KGB, an initialism for Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti (Russian: Комитет государственной безопасности (КГБ), translated in English as Committee for State Security), was the main security agency for the Soviet Union from 1954 until its collapse in 1991. The KGB was formed in 1954 and attached to the Council of Ministers, the committee was a direct successor of such preceding agencies as Cheka, NKGB, and MGB. It was the chief government agency of "union-republican jurisdiction", acting as internal security, intelligence, and secret police. Similar agencies were instated in each of the republics of the Soviet Union aside from Russia and consisted of many ministries, state committees, and state commissions.

The KGB also has been considered a military service and was governed by army laws and regulations, similar to the Soviet Army or MVD Internal Troops. While most of the KGB archives remain classified, two on-line documentary sources are available. Its main functions were foreign intelligence, counterintelligence, operative-investigatory activities, guarding the State Border of the USSR, guarding the leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and the Soviet Government, organization and ensuring of government communications as well as combating nationalism, dissent, and anti-Soviet activities.

After breaking away from the Republic of Georgia in the early 1990s with Russian help, the self-proclaimed Republic of South Ossetia established its own KGB (keeping this unreformed name).

Mode of operation

A 1983 Time magazine article reported that the KGB was the world's most effective information-gathering organization. It operated legal and illegal espionage residencies in target countries where a legal resident gathered intelligence while based at the Soviet Embassy or Consulate, and, if caught, was protected from prosecution by diplomatic immunity. At best, the compromised spy either returned to the Soviet Union or was declared persona non grata and expelled by the government of the target country. The illegal resident spied, unprotected by diplomatic immunity, and worked independently of Soviet diplomatic and trade missions, (cf. the non-official cover CIA officer). In its early history, the KGB valued illegal spies more than legal spies, because illegal spies infiltrated their targets with greater ease. The KGB residency executed four types of espionage: (i) political, (ii) economic, (iii) military-strategic, and (iv) disinformation, effected with "active measures" (PR Line), counter-intelligence and security (KR Line), and scientific–technological intelligence (X Line); quotidian duties included SIGINT (RP Line) and illegal support (N Line).

The KGB classified its spies as agents (intelligence providers) and controllers (intelligence relayers). The false-identity or legend assumed by a USSR-born illegal spy was elaborate, using the life of either a "live double" (participant to the fabrications) or a "dead double" (whose identity is tailored to the spy). The agent then substantiated his or her legend by living it in a foreign country, before emigrating to the target country, thus the sending of US-bound illegal residents via the Soviet embassy in Ottawa, Canada. Tradecraft included stealing and photographing documents, code-names, contacts, targets, and dead letter boxes, and working as a "friend of the cause" or agents provocateur, who would infiltrate the target group to sow dissension, influence policy, and arrange kidnappings and assassinations.

History

Further information: Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies

See also: Cheka, OGPU, NKGB, and Ministry for State Security (Soviet Union)

KGB Regulation seen in Museum of Genocide Victims Vilnius

Mindful of ambitious spy chiefs—and after deposing Premier Nikita Khrushchev—Secretary Leonid Brezhnev and the CPSU knew to manage the next over-ambitious KGB Chairman, Aleksandr Shelepin (1958–61), who facilitated Brezhnev's palace coup d'état against Khrushchev in 1964 (despite Shelepin not then being in the KGB). With political reassignments, Shelepin protégé Vladimir Semichastny (1961–67) was sacked as KGB Chairman, and Shelepin himself was demoted from chairman of the Committee of Party and State Control to Trade Union Council chairman.

In the 1980s, the glasnost liberalisation of Soviet society provoked KGB Chairman Vladimir Kryuchkov (1988–91) to lead the August 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt to depose President Mikhail Gorbachev. The thwarted coup d'état ended the KGB on 6 November 1991. The KGB's successors are the secret police agency FSB (Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation) and the espionage agency SVR (Foreign Intelligence Service).

In the US

World War interregnum

The GRU (military intelligence) recruited the ideological agents Julian Wadleigh and Alger Hiss, who became State Department diplomats in 1936. The NKVD's first US operation was establishing the legal residency of Boris Bazarov and the illegal residency of Iskhak Akhmerov in 1934. Throughout, the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) and its General Secretary Earl Browder, helped NKVD recruit Americans, working in government, business, and industry.

Other important, low-level and high-level ideological agents were the diplomats Laurence Duggan and Michael Whitney Straight in the State Department, the statistician Harry Dexter White in the Treasury Department, the economist Lauchlin Currie (an FDR advisor), and the "Silvermaster Group", headed by statistician Greg Silvermaster, in the Farm Security Administration and the Board of Economic Warfare. Moreover, when Whittaker Chambers, formerly Alger Hiss's courier, approached the Roosevelt Government—to identify the Soviet spies Duggan, White, and others—he was ignored. Hence, during the Second World War (1939–45)—at the Teheran (1943), Yalta (1945), and Potsdam (1945) conferences—Big Three Ally Joseph Stalin of the USSR, was better informed about the war affairs of his US and UK allies than they were about his.

Soviet espionage succeeded most in collecting scientific and technologic intelligence about advances in jet propulsion, radar, and encryption, which impressed Moscow, but stealing atomic secrets was the capstone of NKVD espionage against Anglo–American science and technology. To wit, British Manhattan Project team physicist Klaus Fuchs (GRU 1941) was the main agent of the Rosenberg spy ring. In 1944, the New York City residency infiltrated the top secret Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, by recruiting Theodore Hall, a nineteen-year-old Harvard physicist.

During the Cold War

The KGB failed to rebuild most of its US illegal resident networks. The aftermath of the Second Red Scare (1947–57), McCarthyism, and the destruction of the CPUSA hampered recruitment. The last major illegal resident, Rudolf Abel ("Willie" Vilyam Fisher), was betrayed by his assistant, Reino Häyhänen, in 1957.

Recruitment then emphasised mercenary agents, an approach especially successful in scientific and technical espionage—because private industry practiced lax internal security, unlike the US Government. In late 1967, the notable KGB success was the walk-in recruitment of US Navy Chief Warrant Officer John Anthony Walker who individually and via the Walker Spy Ring for eighteen years enabled Soviet Intelligence to decipher some one million US Navy messages, and track the US Navy.

In the late Cold War, the KGB was successful with intelligence coups in the cases of the mercenary walk-in recruits FBI counterspy Robert Hanssen (1979–2001) and CIA Soviet Division officer Aldrich Ames (1985-1994).

In the Soviet Bloc

Russian President Vladimir Putin worked extensively in Dresden, East Germany during the 1980s.

It was Cold War policy for the KGB of the Soviet Union and the secret services of the satellite states to extensively monitor public and private opinion, internal subversion and possible revolutionary plots in the Soviet Bloc. In supporting those Communist governments, the KGB was instrumental in crushing the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, and the Prague Spring of "Socialism with a Human Face", in 1968 Czechoslovakia.

During the Hungarian revolt, KGB chairman Ivan Serov personally supervised the post-invasion "normalization" of the country. In consequence, KGB monitored the satellite-state populations for occurrences of "harmful attitudes" and "hostile acts;" yet, stopping the Prague Spring, deposing a nationalist Communist government, was its greatest achievement.

The KGB prepared the Red Army's route by infiltrating to Czechoslovakia many illegal residents disguised as Western tourists. They were to gain the trust of and spy upon the most outspoken proponents of Alexander Dubček's new government. They were to plant subversive evidence, justifying the USSR's invasion, that right-wing groups—aided by Western intelligence agencies—were going to depose the Communist government of Czechoslovakia. Finally, the KGB prepared hardline, pro-USSR members of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (CPC), such as Alois Indra and Vasil Biľak, to assume power after the Red Army's invasion.

The KGB's Czech success in the 1960s was matched with the failed suppression of the Solidarity labour movement in 1980s Poland. The KGB had forecast political instability consequent to the election of Archbishop of Kraków Karol Wojtyla as the first Polish Pope, John Paul II, whom they had categorised as "subversive" because of his anti-Communist sermons against the one-party PUWP régime. Despite its accurate forecast of crisis, the Polish United Workers' Party (PUWP) hindered the KGB's destroying the nascent Solidarity-backed political movement, fearing explosive civil violence if they imposed the KGB-recommended martial law. Aided by their Polish counterpart, the Służba Bezpieczeństwa (SB), the KGB successfully infiltrated spies to Solidarity and the Catholic Church, and in Operation X co-ordinated the declaration of martial law with Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski and the Polish Communist Party; however, the vacillating, conciliatory Polish approach blunted KGB effectiveness—and Solidarity then fatally weakened the Communist Polish government in 1989.

Suppressing internal dissent

Monument to victims of KGB operations in Vilnius, Lithuania.

During the Cold War, the KGB actively sought to combat "ideological subversion"—anti-communist political and religious ideas and the dissidents who promoted them, which was generally dealt with as a matter of national security in discouraging influence of hostile foreign powers.

After denouncing Stalinism in his secret speech On the Personality Cult and its Consequences in 1956, head of state Nikita Khrushchev lessened suppression of "ideological subversion". Resultantly, critical literature re-emerged, notably the novel One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (1962), by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn; however, after Khrushchev's deposition in 1964, Leonid Brezhnev reverted the State and KGB to actively harsh suppression—routine house searches to seize documents and the continual monitoring of dissidents. To wit, in 1965, such a search-and-seizure operation yielded Solzhenitsyn (code-name PAUK, "spider") manuscripts of "slanderous fabrications", and the subversion trial of the novelists Andrei Sinyavsky and Yuli Daniel; Sinyavsky (alias "Abram Tertz"), and Daniel (alias "Nikolai Arzhak"), were captured after a Moscow literary-world informant told KGB when to find them at home.

In 1967, the campaign of this suppression increased under new KGB Chairman Yuri Andropov. After suppressing the Prague Spring, KGB Chairman Andropov established the Fifth Directorate to monitor dissension and eliminate dissenters. He was especially concerned with Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Andrei Sakharov, "Public Enemy Number One". Andropov failed to expel Solzhenitsyn before 1974; but did internally exile Sakharov to Gorky in 1980. The KGB failed to prevent Sakharov's collecting his Nobel Peace Prize in 1975, but did prevent Yuri Orlov collecting his Nobel Prize in 1978; Chairman Andropov supervised both operations.

KGB dissident-group infiltration featured agents provocateur pretending "sympathy to the cause", smear campaigns against prominent dissidents, and show trials; once imprisoned, the dissident endured KGB interrogators and sympathetic informant cell-mates. In the event, Mikhail Gorbachev's glasnost policies lessened persecution of dissidents; he was effecting some of the policy changes they had been demanding since the 1970s.

Notable operations

Former head of Azerbaijan SSR KGB Heydar Aliyev, ex–Azerbaijani President

• With the Trust Operation (1921–1926), the OGPU successfully deceived some leaders of the right-wing, counter-revolutionary White Guards back to the USSR for execution.
• NKVD infiltrated and destroyed Trotskyist groups; in 1940, the Spanish agent Ramón Mercader assassinated Leon Trotsky in Mexico City.
• KGB favoured active measures (e.g. disinformation), in discrediting the USSR's enemies.
• For war-time, KGB had ready sabotage operations arms caches in target countries.

In the 1960s, acting upon the information of KGB defector Anatoliy Golitsyn, the CIA counter-intelligence chief James Jesus Angleton believed KGB had moles in two key places—the counter-intelligence section of CIA and the FBI's counter-intelligence department—through whom they would know of, and control, US counter-espionage to protect the moles and hamper the detection and capture of other Communist spies. Moreover, KGB counter-intelligence vetted foreign intelligence sources, so that the moles might "officially" approve an anti-CIA double agent as trustworthy. In retrospect, the captures of the moles Aldrich Ames and Robert Hanssen proved that Angleton, though ignored as over-aggressive, was correct, despite costing him his job at CIA, which he left in 1975.

In the mid-1970s, the KGB tried to secretly buy three banks in northern California to gain access to high-technology secrets. Their efforts were thwarted by the CIA. The banks were Peninsula National Bank in Burlingame, the First National Bank of Fresno, and the Tahoe National Bank in South Lake Tahoe. These banks had made numerous loans to advanced technology companies and had many of their officers and directors as clients. The KGB used the Moscow Narodny Bank Limited to finance the acquisition, and an intermediary, Singaporean businessman Amos Dawe, as the frontman.

Bangladesh

On February 2, 1973 Politburo, in charge of which was Yuri Andropov at the time, have demanded KGB members to spread influence in a newly formed country called Bangladesh where Mujib Awami was scheduled to win parliamentary elections. During that the time the Soviet secret service tried very hard to ensure support for his Communist Party and his allies and even predicted an easy victory for him. By June 1975 Munjib have formed a new party called Baskal and created a one-party state. Three years later the KGB in that region have increased its populace from 90 to 200, and by 1979 have printed over a 100 newspaper articles. In the articles, the KGB officials have accused Zia Rahman and his regime of having ties with the United States. Due to the KGB infiltration the Zia regime have fallen five and a half years later, during that time the CIA have founded Operation Arsenal which was meant to protect the current President of Bangladesh.

In August 1979 the KGB accused some officers which were arrested in Dhaka in an overthrow attempt, and by October Andropov have approved fabrication of letter in which he stated that Muhammad Ghulam Tawab, a Vice-Marshal at the time, was the main plotter, which led Bangladeshi, Indian and Sri Lankan press to believe that he was a US spy. Under Andropov's command, Service A, a KGB division, have falsified the information in a letter to Moudud Ahmad in which it said that he was under support from the US government and by 1981 even sent a letter accusing Reagan administration of plotting to overthrow President Zia and his regime. The letter also mentioned that after Mujib was assassinated the US have contacted Khondakar Mustaque Ahmad to replace him as a short-term President. When the election have happened in the end of 1979, the KGB have made sure that the Bangladesh National Party would win. The party received 207 out of 300 seats but the Zia regime wasn't long. It fell on May 29, 1981 when after numerous of escapes, he was assassinated in Chittagong.

Afghanistan

The KGB have started infiltrate Afghanistan as early as April 27, 1978. During that time, the Afghan Communist Party was planning an overthrow of the shah. Under the leadership of major general Sayed Gulabzoy and Muhammad Rafi (codenames of whom were Mammad abd Niruz), the Soviet secret service got the scoop on the uprising. Two days after the uprising the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan militant leader Nur Muhammad Taraki have issued a concern to the Soviet ambassador Alexander Puzanov and the resident of Kabul-based KGB embassy Viliov Osadchy that they could have staged a coup three days earlier hence the warning. On that, both Puzanov and Osadchy have dismissed Taraki's complaint and reported it to Moscow which broke a 30-year contract with him soon after.

The centre then realized that its better for them to deal with a better agent which at that time was Babrak Karmal which later accused Taraki on taking bribes and even have secret contract with American embassy. On that, the centre again, refused to listen and instructed him to take resident position in the Kabul residency by 1974. On April 30, 1978, Taraki, despite being cut off from any support led the coup which later became known as April Revolution, and became the country's President along with Hafizullah Amin being Deputy-Prime Minister and Vice-President. On December 5 of the same year Taraki compared the April Revolt to the Russian Revolution which struck Vladimir Kryuchkov, the FCD chief of that time.

On March 27 of next year after losing the city of Herat Amin became the next Prime Minister and by July 27 became Minister of Defense as well. The centre though was concerned of his powers since the same month he issued them a complaint about lack of funds and demanded 400 million in US dollars. Furthermore, it was discovered that Amin carries master's degree from Columbia University and that he was unwilling to learn Russian rather than English. Unfortunately for Moscow's intelligence Amin succeeded Taraki and by September 16 Radio Kabul have announced that the PDPA received a fake request from Taraki concerning of health issues among the party members. On that, the centre accused him of terroristic activities and expelled him from the Communist Party.

The next day, General Boris Ivanov who was behind the mission in Kabul along with General Lev Gorelov and Deputy Defense Minister Ivan Pavlovsky visited Amin to congratulate on his election into power. On the same day the KGB decided to imprison Sayed Gulabzoy as well as Muhammad Watanjar and Asadullah Sarwari but while in captivity and under an investigation all three denied the allegation that the current Minister of Defense is a US spy. The denial of claims was passed on to Yuri Andropov and Leonid Brezhnev, who as the main chiefs of the KGB proposed operation Raduga to save the life of Gulabzoy and Watanjar and send to Tashkent from Bagram airbase by giving them fake passports. With that and a sealed container in which almost breathless Sarwari was laying, they came to Tashkent on September 19.

During the continued investigation in Tashkent the three were put under surveillance in one of the rooms for as long as four weeks where they were investigated for the reliability of their claims by the KGB. Soon after, they were satisfied with the results and send them to Bulgaria for a secret retreat. On October 9 the Soviet secret service had a meeting in which Bogdanov, Gorelov, Pavlonsky and Puzanov were the main chiefs who were discussing on what to do with Amin who was very harsh at the meeting. After the two hour meeting they began to worry that Amin will establish an Islamic Republic in Afghanistan and decided to seek a way to put Karmal back in. They brought him and three other ministers secretly to Moscow during which time they discussed how to put him back in power. The decision was to fly him back to Bagram airbase by December 13. Four days later, Amin's nephew, Asadullah, was taken to Moscow by the KGB for the acute food poisoning treatment.

On November 19 of the same year the KGB had a meeting on which they discussed operation Cascade which was launched earlier that year. The operation carried out bombings with the help of GRU and FCD. On December 25 the centre heard the news of the Darul Aman Palace being taken by Zenith and Alpha Groups during which raid over 100 KGB officials have died including Colonel Grigori Boyarinov. In June 1981 there were 370 members in the Afghan-controlled KGB intelligence service throughout the nation which were under command of Ahmad Shah Paiya and received all training they need in the USSR. By May 1982 the Ministry of Internal Affairs was set up in Afghanistan which was under command of KHAD. In 1983 Boris Voskoboynikov became the next head of the KGB while Leonid Kostromin became his Deputy Minister. Currently there are 100 black frames with portraits standing at the centre to remind people of failed operation Agat during which although Amin got overthrown and got shot along with his family, the Karmal regime was as bad.

Middle East

In 1964, the KGB officials have founded Palestine Liberation Organization the 422 members of which were appointed by the Soviet secret service and was later approved by the Palestinian National Charter. The KGB were also behind the creation of such organizations as DFLP which was headed by George Habash and PFLP in which according to Vladimir Bukovsky, a political dissident, Wadia Haddad was recruited by the KGB who later terrorized Israel.

India

In 1950s both KGB and CIA have infiltrated India.

August 1991 coup

Main article: 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt

On August 18, 1991 the Chairman of the KGB Vladimir Kryuchkov and 7 other Soviet leaders, the State Committee on the State of Emergency, attempted to overthrow the government of the Soviet Union. The purpose of the attempted coup d'état was to preserve the integrity of the Soviet Union and the constitutional order. President Mikhail Gorbachev was arrested and ineffective attempts made to seize power. Within two days, by 20 August 1991, the attempted coup collapsed.

The KGB was succeeded by the Federal Counterintelligence Service (FSK) of Russia, which was succeeded by the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (FSB).

Organization

Republican affiliations

The republican affiliation offices almost completely duplicated the structural organization of the main KGB.

• KGB of Belarus / KDB of Belarus (see State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus)
• KGB of Ukraine / KDB of Ukraine (see Committee for State Security (Ukraine))
• KGB of Moldova / CSS of Moldova
• KGB of Estonia / RJK of Estonia
• KGB of Latvia / VDK of Latvia
• KGB of Lithuania / VSK of Lithuania
• KGB of Georgia
• KGB of Armenia
• KGB of Azerbaijan / DTK of Azerbaijan
• KGB of Kazakhstan
• KGB of Kyrgyzstan
• KGB of Uzbekistan
• KGB of Turkmenistan
• KGB of Tajikistan
• KGB of Russia (created in 1991)

Leadership

The Chairman of the KGB, First Deputy Chairmen (1–2), Deputy Chairmen (4–6). Its policy Collegium comprised a chairman, deputy chairmen, directorate chiefs, and republican KGB chairmen.

Directorates

File:70 лет КГБ.JPG

The Jubilee Congress 70 years KGB USSR. (1987 year)

• First Chief Directorate (Foreign Operations) – foreign espionage. (now the Foreign Intelligence Service or SVR in Russian)
• Second Chief Directorate – counter-intelligence, internal political control.
• Third Chief Directorate (Armed Forces) – military counter-intelligence and armed forces political surveillance.
• Fourth Directorate (Transportation security)
• Fifth Chief Directorate – censorship and internal security against artistic, political, and religious dissension; renamed "Directorate Z", protecting the Constitutional order, in 1989.
• Sixth Directorate (Economic Counter-intelligence, industrial security)
• Seventh Directorate (Surveillance) – of Soviet nationals and foreigners.
• Eighth Chief Directorate – monitored-managed national, foreign, and overseas communications, cryptologic equipment, and research and development.
• Ninth Directorate (Guards and KGB Protection Service) - The 40,000-man uniformed bodyguard for the CPSU leaders and families, guarded critical government installations (nuclear weapons, etc.), operated the Moscow VIP subway, and secure Government–Party telephony. Pres. Yeltsin transformed it to the Federal Protective Service (FPS).
• Fifteenth Directorate (Security of Government Installations)
• Sixteenth Directorate (SIGINT and communications interception) - operated the national and government telephone and telegraph systems.
• Border Guards Directorate responsible for the USSR's border troops.
• Operations and Technology Directorate – research laboratories for recording devices and Laboratory 12 for poisons and drugs.

Other units

• KGB Personnel Department
• Secretariat of the KGB
• KGB Technical Support Staff
• KGB Finance Department
• KGB Archives
• KGB Irregulars
• Administration Department of the KGB, and
• The CPSU Committee.
• KGB Spetsnaz (special operations) units such as:

• The Alpha Group
• The Vympel, etc.

• Kremlin Guard Force for the Presidium, et al., then became the FPS.

List of chairmen

Identity cards The Chairman of the KGB of the USSR Yuri Andropov.

Chairman	Dates
Ivan Aleksandrovich Serov	1954–58
Aleksandr Nikolayevich Shelepin	1958–61
Vladimir Yefimovich Semichastny	1961–67
Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov	1967–1982 (Jan-May)
Vitali Vasilyevich Fedorchuk	1982 (May–Dec)
Viktor Mikhailovich Chebrikov	1982–88
Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kryuchkov	1988–91
Vadim Viktorovich Bakatin	1991 (Aug–Nov)

Insignia

• 
• 
• 
  NKVD
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
  Komsomol KGB

See also

• Active measures
• Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies
• CIA
• Eastern Bloc politics
• FBI
• Federal Agency of Government Communications and Information
• Federal Protective Service
• Federal Security Service (KGB successor)
• Foreign Intelligence Service
• History of Soviet espionage
• Index of Soviet Union-related articles
• ISI
• KGB victim memorials
• Ministry of Internal Affairs
• Mitrokhin Archive
• Numbers station
• Presidential Security Service
• RAW
• Sanzo Nosaka
• SMERSH
• Venona
• Department of Homeland Security
• World Peace Council

References

• Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West, Gardners Books (2000) ISBN 0-14-028487-7; Basic Books (1999) ISBN 0-465-00310-9; trade (2000) ISBN 0-465-00312-5
• Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World, Basic Books (2005) ISBN 0-465-00311-7
• John Barron, KGB: The Secret Work of Soviet Secret Agents, Reader's Digest Press (1974) ISBN 0-88349-009-9
• Amy Knight, The KGB: Police and Politics in the Soviet Union, Unwin Hyman (1990) ISBN 0-04-445718-9
• Richard C.S. Trahair and Robert Miller, Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations, Enigma Books (2009) ISBN 978-1-929631-75-9

Further reading

• Солженицын, А.И. (1990). Архипелаг ГУЛАГ: 1918 - 1956. Опыт художественного исследования. Т. 1 - 3. Москва: Центр "Новый мир". (in Russian)
• Yevgenia Albats and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick, The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia — Past, Present, and Future Farrar Straus Giroux (1994) ISBN 0-374-52738-5.
• John Barron, KGB: The Secret Works of Soviet Secret Agents Bantam Books (1981) ISBN 0-553-23275-4
• Vadim J. Birstein. The Perversion Of Knowledge: The True Story of Soviet Science. Westview Press (2004) ISBN 0-8133-4280-5
• John Dziak Chekisty: A History of the KGB, Lexington Books (1988) ISBN 978-0-669-10258-1
• Sheymov, Victor (1993). Tower of Secrets. Naval Institute Press. p. 420. ISBN 1-55750-764-3.
• Template:Ru icon Бережков, Василий Иванович (2004). Руководители Ленинградского управления КГБ : 1954-1991. Санкт-Петербург: Выбор, 2004. ISBN 5-93518-035-9
• Кротков, Юрий (1973). «КГБ в действии». Published in «Новый журнал» №111, 1973 (in Russian)
• Рябчиков, С.В. (2004). Размышляя вместе с Василем Быковым // Открытый мiръ, № 49, с. 2-3. (in Russian)(ФСБ РФ препятствует установлению мемориальной доски на своем здании, в котором ВЧК - НКВД совершала массовые преступления против человечности. Там была установлена "мясорубка", при помощи которой трупы сбрасывались чекистами в городскую канализацию.) [1]
• Рябчиков, С.В. (2008). Великий химик Д.И. Рябчиков // Вiсник Мiжнародного дослiдного центру "Людина: мова, культура, пiзнання", т. 18(3), с. 148-153. (in Russian) (об организации КГБ СССР убийства великого русского ученого)
• Рябчиков, С.В. (2011). Заметки по истории Кубани (материалы для хрестоматии) // Вiсник Мiжнародного дослiдного центру "Людина: мова, культура, пiзнання", 2011, т. 30(3), с. 25-45. (in Russian) [2]

External links

• For Cold War KGB activity in the US, see Alexander Vassiliev's Notebooks from the Cold War International History Project (CWIHP)
• Soviet Technospies from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
• KGB Information Center, Federation of American Scientists
• Viktor M. Chebrikov et al., eds. Istoriya sovetskikh organov gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti ("History of the Soviet Organs of State Security"). (1977), www.fas.harvard.edu
• Template:Ru icon Slaves of KGB. 20th Century. The religion of betrayal, by Yuri Shchekochikhin