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A '''debris disk''' is a [[circumstellar disk]] of dust and debris in orbit around a [[star]]. Sometimes these disks contain prominent rings, as seen in the image of [[Fomalhaut]] on the right. Debris disks have been found around both mature and young stars, as well as at least one debris disk in orbit around an evolved [[neutron star]].<ref>{{cite journal
A '''debris disk''' is a [[circumstellar disk]] of dust and debris in orbit around a [[star]]. Sometimes these disks contain prominent rings, as seen in the image of [[Fomalhaut]] on the right. Debris disks have been found around both mature and young stars, as well as at least one debris disk in orbit around an evolved [[neutron star]].<ref>{{cite journal
| author = Wang, Z.; Chakrabarty, D.; Kaplan, D. L.
| author = Wang, Z.
| author2 = Chakrabarty, D.
| author3 = Kaplan, D. L.
| title=A debris disk around an isolated young neutron star
| title=A debris disk around an isolated young neutron star
| journal=Nature | year=2006 | volume=440
| journal=Nature | date=2006 | volume=440
| issue=7085 | pages=772–775
| issue=7085 | pages=772–775
| bibcode=2006astro.ph..4076W
| bibcode=2006astro.ph..4076W
| doi=10.1038/nature04669
| doi=10.1038/nature04669
| pmid = 16598251 |arxiv = astro-ph/0604076 | last2=Chakrabarty
| pmid = 16598251 |arxiv = astro-ph/0604076
⚫
}}</ref> Younger debris disks can constitute a phase in the formation of a planetary system following the [[protoplanetary disk]] phase, when terrestrial planets may finish growing.<ref>{{cite news
⚫
| last3=Kaplan
⚫
}}</ref> Younger debris disks can constitute a phase in the formation of a planetary system following the [[protoplanetary disk]] phase, when terrestrial planets may finish growing.<ref>{{cite news
| title=Spitzer Team Says Debris Disk Could Be Forming Infant Terrestrial Planets
| title=Spitzer Team Says Debris Disk Could Be Forming Infant Terrestrial Planets
| publisher=NASA | date=2005-12-14
| publisher=NASA | date=2005-12-14
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| url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1998/10/981023073211.htm
| url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1998/10/981023073211.htm
| accessdate=2006-05-24 }}</ref> but that detection could not be confirmed.<ref name="55_cancri_revoked">{{cite journal
| accessdate=2006-05-24 }}</ref> but that detection could not be confirmed.<ref name="55_cancri_revoked">{{cite journal
| author=Schneider, G.; Becklin, E. E.; Smith, B. A.; Weinberger, A. J.; Silverstone, M.; Hines, D. C.
| author=Schneider, G.
| author2=Becklin, E. E.
| author3=Smith, B. A.
| author4=Weinberger, A. J.
| author5=Silverstone, M.
| author6=Hines, D. C.
| title=NICMOS Coronagraphic Observations of 55 Cancri
| title=NICMOS Coronagraphic Observations of 55 Cancri
| journal=The Astronomical Journal
| journal=The Astronomical Journal
| volume=121
| volume=121
| issue=1 | year=2001 | pages=525
| issue=1 | date=2001 | pages=525
| bibcode=2001AJ....121..525S
| bibcode=2001AJ....121..525S
| doi=10.1086/318050|arxiv = astro-ph/0010175 | last2=Becklin
| doi=10.1086/318050|arxiv = astro-ph/0010175 }}</ref>
⚫
| last3=Smith
⚫
| last4=Weinberger
⚫
| last5=Silverstone
| last6=Hines
}}</ref>
Structures in the debris disk around [[Epsilon Eridani]] suggest perturbations by a planetary body in orbit around that star, which may be used to constrain the mass and orbit of the planet.<ref name="greavesepseri05">{{cite journal
Structures in the debris disk around [[Epsilon Eridani]] suggest perturbations by a planetary body in orbit around that star, which may be used to constrain the mass and orbit of the planet.<ref name="greavesepseri05">{{cite journal
| author=Greaves, J. S.
| author=Greaves, J. S.; Holland, W. S.; Wyatt, M. C.; Dent, W. R. F.; Robson, E. I.; Coulson, I. M.; Jenness, T.; Moriarty-Schieven, G. H.; Davis, G. R.; Butner, H. M.; Gear, W. K.; Dominik, C.; Walker, H. J.
⚫
| author2=Holland, W. S.
⚫
| author3=Wyatt, M. C.
| author4=Dent, W. R. F.
⚫
| author5=Robson, E. I.
⚫
| author6=Coulson, I. M.
⚫
| author7=Jenness, T.
⚫
| author8=Moriarty-Schieven, G. H.
| author9=Davis, G. R.
| author10=Butner, H. M.
| author11=Gear, W. K.
⚫
| author12=Dominik, C.
| author13=Walker, H. J.
| title=Structure in the Epsilon Eridani Debris Disk
| title=Structure in the Epsilon Eridani Debris Disk
| journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=619
| journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=619
| year=2005
| date=2005
| issue=2 | pages=L187 &ndash; L190
| issue=2 | pages=L187 – L190
| doi=10.1086/428348
| doi=10.1086/428348
| bibcode=2005ApJ...619L.187G| last2=Holland
| bibcode=2005ApJ...619L.187G}}</ref>
⚫
| last3=Wyatt
⚫
| last4=Dent
| last5=Robson
⚫
| last6=Coulson
⚫
| last7=Jenness
⚫
| last8=Moriarty-Schieven
| last9=Davis
| last10=Butner
| last11=Gear
⚫
| last12=Dominik
| last13=Walker
}}</ref>


On 24 April 2014, NASA reported detecting debris disks in archival images of several young stars, [[HD 141943]] and [[HD 191089]], first viewed between 1999 and 2006 with the [[Hubble Space Telescope]], by using newly improved imaging processes.<ref name="NASA-20140424">{{cite web |last1=Harrington |first1=J.D. |last2=Villard |first2=Ray |title=RELEASE 14-114 Astronomical Forensics Uncover Planetary Disks in NASA's Hubble Archive |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/april/astronomical-forensics-uncover-planetary-disks-in-nasas-hubble-archive |date=24 April 2014 |work=[[NASA]] |deadurl=no |archivedate=2014-04-25 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140425125432/http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/april/astronomical-forensics-uncover-planetary-disks-in-nasas-hubble-archive/ |accessdate=2014-04-25 }}</ref>
On 24 April 2014, NASA reported detecting debris disks in archival images of several young stars, [[HD 141943]] and [[HD 191089]], first viewed between 1999 and 2006 with the [[Hubble Space Telescope]], by using newly improved imaging processes.<ref name="NASA-20140424">{{cite web |last1=Harrington |first1=J.D. |last2=Villard |first2=Ray |title=RELEASE 14-114 Astronomical Forensics Uncover Planetary Disks in NASA's Hubble Archive |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/april/astronomical-forensics-uncover-planetary-disks-in-nasas-hubble-archive |date=24 April 2014 |work=[[NASA]] |deadurl=no |archivedate=2014-04-25 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140425125432/http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/april/astronomical-forensics-uncover-planetary-disks-in-nasas-hubble-archive/ |accessdate=2014-04-25 }}</ref>
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==Origin==
==Origin==
[[File:NASA-14114-HubbleSpaceTelescope-DebrisDisks-20140424.jpg|thumb|250px|left|[[Debris disks]] detected in [[Hubble Space Telescope|HST]] archival images of young stars, ''HD 141943'' and ''HD 191089'', using improved imaging processes (24 April 2014).<ref name="NASA-20140424" />]]
[[File:NASA-14114-HubbleSpaceTelescope-DebrisDisks-20140424.jpg|thumb|250px|left|[[Debris disks]] detected in [[Hubble Space Telescope|HST]] archival images of young stars, ''HD 141943'' and ''HD 191089'', using improved imaging processes (24 April 2014).<ref name="NASA-20140424" />]]
During the formation of a Sun-like star, the object passes through the [[T Tauri star|T-Tauri]] phase during which it is surrounded by a disk-shaped nebula. Out of this material are formed [[planetesimal]]s, which can undergo an accretion process to form planets. The nebula continues to orbit the [[pre-main-sequence star]] for a period of {{nowrap|1&ndash;20 million years}} until it is cleared out by radiation pressure and other processes. Additional dust may then be generated about the star by collisions between the planetismals, which forms a disk out of the resulting debris. At some point during their lifetime, at least 45% of these stars are surrounded by a debris disk, which then can be detected by the thermal emission of the dust using an infrared telescope. Repeated collisions can cause a disk to persist for much of the lifetime of a star.<ref>{{cite book
During the formation of a Sun-like star, the object passes through the [[T Tauri star|T-Tauri]] phase during which it is surrounded by a disk-shaped nebula. Out of this material are formed [[planetesimal]]s, which can undergo an accretion process to form planets. The nebula continues to orbit the [[pre-main-sequence star]] for a period of {{nowrap|1–20 million years}} until it is cleared out by radiation pressure and other processes. Additional dust may then be generated about the star by collisions between the planetismals, which forms a disk out of the resulting debris. At some point during their lifetime, at least 45% of these stars are surrounded by a debris disk, which then can be detected by the thermal emission of the dust using an infrared telescope. Repeated collisions can cause a disk to persist for much of the lifetime of a star.<ref>{{cite book
| first=Paul J. | last=Thomas | year=2006
| first=Paul J. | last=Thomas | date=2006
| title=Comets and the origin and evolution of life
| title=Comets and the origin and evolution of life
| series=Advances in astrobiology and biogeophysics
| series=Advances in astrobiology and biogeophysics
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| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lDbMELpF8EcC&pg=PA104 }}</ref>
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lDbMELpF8EcC&pg=PA104 }}</ref>


Typical debris disks contain small grains 1&ndash;100&nbsp;[[Micrometre|&mu;m]] in size. Collisions will grind down these grains to sub-micrometre sizes, which will be removed from the system by [[radiation]] pressure from the host [[star]]. In very tenuous disks like the ones in the Solar System, the [[Poynting–Robertson effect]] can cause particles to [[spiral]] inward instead. Both processes limit the lifetime of the disk to 10&nbsp;[[Myr]] or less. Thus, for a disk to remain intact, a process is needed to continually replenish the disk. This can occur, for example, by means of collisions between larger bodies, followed by a cascade that grinds down the objects to the observed small grains.<ref name="kenyon_bromley">{{cite web
Typical debris disks contain small grains 1–100&nbsp;[[Micrometre|&mu;m]] in size. Collisions will grind down these grains to sub-micrometre sizes, which will be removed from the system by [[radiation]] pressure from the host [[star]]. In very tenuous disks like the ones in the Solar System, the [[Poynting–Robertson effect]] can cause particles to [[spiral]] inward instead. Both processes limit the lifetime of the disk to 10&nbsp;[[Myr]] or less. Thus, for a disk to remain intact, a process is needed to continually replenish the disk. This can occur, for example, by means of collisions between larger bodies, followed by a cascade that grinds down the objects to the observed small grains.<ref name="kenyon_bromley">{{cite web
| author=Kenyon, Scott; Bromley, Benjamin | year=2007
| author=Kenyon, Scott
| author2=Bromley, Benjamin | date=2007
| url=http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~kenyon/pf/dd/flyby.html
| url=http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~kenyon/pf/dd/flyby.html
| title=Stellar Flybys & Planetary Debris Disks
| title=Stellar Flybys & Planetary Debris Disks
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| journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics | volume=530
| journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics | volume=530
| pages=A62
| pages=A62
| arxiv=1104.0007 | year=2011
| arxiv=1104.0007 | date=2011
| bibcode=2011A&A...530A..62R | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201116456 | author3=and others | displayauthors=2 | last2=Armitage | first2=P. J. | last4=Booth
| bibcode=2011A&A...530A..62R | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201116456 | displayauthors=2 | last2=Armitage | first2=P. J.
⚫
| last3=Moro-Martín
| first3=A.
⚫
| last4=Booth
| first4=M.
| first4=M.
| last5=Wyatt
| last5=Wyatt
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|style="text-align:center;"| 35–50
|style="text-align:center;"| 35–50
|<ref>{{cite journal
|<ref>{{cite journal
| author=Greaves, J. S.; Wyatt, M. C.; Holland, W. S.; Dent, W. R. F.
| author=Greaves, J. S.
| author2=Wyatt, M. C.
| author3=Holland, W. S.
| author4=Dent, W. R. F.
| title=The debris disc around tau Ceti: a massive analogue to the Kuiper Belt
| title=The debris disc around tau Ceti: a massive analogue to the Kuiper Belt
| journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]]
| journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]]
| year=2004 | volume=351 | issue=3 | pages=L54–L58
| date=2004 | volume=351 | issue=3 | pages=L54–L58
| bibcode=2004MNRAS.351L..54G
| bibcode=2004MNRAS.351L..54G
| doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07957.x | last2=Wyatt
| doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07957.x }}</ref>
⚫
| last3=Holland
| last4=Dent
}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Vega]]
|[[Vega]]
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| title=Dust in beta PIC / VEGA Main Sequence Systems
| title=Dust in beta PIC / VEGA Main Sequence Systems
| journal=Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society
| journal=Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society
| year=1996 | volume=28 | pages=1056
| date=1996 | volume=28 | pages=1056
| bibcode=1996DPS....28.0122B }}</ref>
| bibcode=1996DPS....28.0122B }}</ref>
|-
|-
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| author=Lebreton, J.
| author=Lebreton, J.
| title=An icy Kuiper belt around the young solar-type star HD 181327
| title=An icy Kuiper belt around the young solar-type star HD 181327
| journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics | year=2012
| journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics | date=2012
| volume=539 | issue=1 | pages=A17
| volume=539 | issue=1 | pages=A17
| doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201117714 |arxiv = 1112.3398 |bibcode = 2012A&A...539A..17L | last2=Augereau
| doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201117714 |arxiv = 1112.3398 |bibcode = 2012A&A...539A..17L | last2=Augereau
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| last3=Thi
| last3=Thi
| first3=W.-F.
| first3=W.-F.
⚫
| author5=and others
| last4=Roberge
| last4=Roberge
| first4=A.
| first4=A.
| displayauthors=4
| displayauthors=4
⚫
| last5=Donaldson
| first5=J.
| last6=Schneider
| last6=Schneider
| first6=G.
| first6=G.
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|style="text-align:center;"| <1
|style="text-align:center;"| <1
|<ref>{{cite journal
|<ref>{{cite journal
| author=Lisse, C. M.; Beichman, C. A.; Bryden, G.; Wyatt, M. C.
| author=Lisse, C. M.
| author2=Beichman, C. A.
| author3=Bryden, G.
| author4=Wyatt, M. C.
| title=On the Nature of the Dust in the Debris Disk around HD 69830
| title=On the Nature of the Dust in the Debris Disk around HD 69830
| journal=The Astrophysical Journal | year=1999
| journal=The Astrophysical Journal | date=1999
| volume=658 | issue=1 | pages=584–592
| volume=658 | issue=1 | pages=584–592
| bibcode=2007ApJ...658..584L
| bibcode=2007ApJ...658..584L
| doi=10.1086/511001 |arxiv = astro-ph/0611452 | last2=Beichman
| doi=10.1086/511001 |arxiv = astro-ph/0611452 }}</ref>
| last3=Bryden
| last4=Wyatt
}}</ref>
|-
|-
| [[HD 207129]]
| [[HD 207129]]
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| last=Krist | first=John E. | title=HST and Spitzer Observations of the HD 207129 Debris Ring | journal=The Astronomical Journal | volume=140 | issue=4 | pages=1051–1061
| last=Krist | first=John E. | title=HST and Spitzer Observations of the HD 207129 Debris Ring | journal=The Astronomical Journal | volume=140 | issue=4 | pages=1051–1061
|date=October 2010 | bibcode=2010AJ....140.1051K
|date=October 2010 | bibcode=2010AJ....140.1051K
| doi=10.1088/0004-6256/140/4/1051 |arxiv = 1008.2793 | author3=and others | displayauthors=2 | last2=Stapelfeldt | first2=Karl R. | last4=Rieke | first4=George H. | last5=Su | first5=K. Y. L. | last6=Chen | first6=Christine C. | last7=Beichman | first7=Charles A. | last8=Hines | first8=Dean C. | last9=Rebull | first9=Luisa M. | last10=Tanner | first10=Angelle | last11=Trilling | first11=David E. | last12=Clampin | first12=Mark | last13=Gáspár | first13=András }}</ref>
| doi=10.1088/0004-6256/140/4/1051 |arxiv = 1008.2793 | displayauthors=2 | last2=Stapelfeldt | first2=Karl R. |last3=Bryden |first3=Geoffrey |last4=Rieke | first4=George H. | last5=Su | first5=K. Y. L. | last6=Chen | first6=Christine C. | last7=Beichman | first7=Charles A. | last8=Hines | first8=Dean C. | last9=Rebull | first9=Luisa M. | last10=Tanner | first10=Angelle | last11=Trilling | first11=David E. | last12=Clampin | first12=Mark | last13=Gáspár | first13=András }}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[HD 139664]]
|[[HD 139664]]
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|style="text-align:center;"| 60–109
|style="text-align:center;"| 60–109
|<ref name="apj637">{{cite journal
|<ref name="apj637">{{cite journal
| author=Kalas, Paul; Graham, James R.; Clampin, Mark C.; Fitzgerald, Michael P.
| author=Kalas, Paul
| author2=Graham, James R.
| author3=Clampin, Mark C.
| author4=Fitzgerald, Michael P.
| title=First Scattered Light Images of Debris Disks around HD 53143 and HD 139664
| title=First Scattered Light Images of Debris Disks around HD 53143 and HD 139664
| journal=The Astrophysical Journal | year=2006 | volume=637
| journal=The Astrophysical Journal | date=2006 | volume=637
| issue=1 | pages=L57–L60
| issue=1 | pages=L57–L60
| bibcode=2006ApJ...637L..57K | doi=10.1086/500305 |arxiv = astro-ph/0601488 | last2=Graham
| bibcode=2006ApJ...637L..57K | doi=10.1086/500305 |arxiv = astro-ph/0601488 }}</ref>
| last3=Clampin
| last4=Fitzgerald
}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Eta Corvi]]
|[[Eta Corvi]]
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|style="text-align:center;"| 100–150
|style="text-align:center;"| 100–150
|<ref>{{cite journal
|<ref>{{cite journal
| author=Wyatt, M. C.; Greaves, J. S.; Dent, W. R. F.; Coulson, I. M.
| author=Wyatt, M. C.
| author2=Greaves, J. S.
| author3=Dent, W. R. F.
| author4=Coulson, I. M.
| title=Submillimeter Images of a Dusty Kuiper Belt around Corvi
| title=Submillimeter Images of a Dusty Kuiper Belt around Corvi
| journal=The Astrophysical Journal
| journal=The Astrophysical Journal
| year=2005 | volume=620
| date=2005 | volume=620
| issue=1 | pages=492–500
| issue=1 | pages=492–500
| doi=10.1086/426929 | bibcode=2005ApJ...620..492W|arxiv = astro-ph/0411061 | last2=Greaves
| doi=10.1086/426929 | bibcode=2005ApJ...620..492W|arxiv = astro-ph/0411061 }}</ref>
| last3=Dent
| last4=Coulson
}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[HD 53143]]
|[[HD 53143]]
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|style="text-align:center;"| 2–8
|style="text-align:center;"| 2–8
|<ref>{{cite journal
|<ref>{{cite journal
| author=Moerchen, M. M.; Telesco, C. M.; Packham, C.; Kehoe, T. J. J.
| author=Moerchen, M. M.
| author2=Telesco, C. M.
| author3=Packham, C.
| author4=Kehoe, T. J. J.
| title=Mid-infrared resolution of a 3 AUえーゆー-radius debris disk around Zeta Leporis
| title=Mid-infrared resolution of a 3 AUえーゆー-radius debris disk around Zeta Leporis
| journal=Astrophysical Journal Letters | volume=655
| journal=Astrophysical Journal Letters | volume=655
| issue=2
| issue=2
| pages=L109
| pages=L109
| year=2006
| date=2006
| arxiv=astro-ph/0612550 |bibcode = 2007ApJ...655L.109M |doi = 10.1086/511955 | last2=Telesco
| arxiv=astro-ph/0612550 |bibcode = 2007ApJ...655L.109M |doi = 10.1086/511955 }}</ref>
| last3=Packham
| last4=Kehoe
}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[HD 92945]]
|[[HD 92945]]
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|style="text-align:center;"| 45–175
|style="text-align:center;"| 45–175
|<ref>{{cite web
|<ref>{{cite web
| author=Golimowski, D. et al. | year=2007
| author=Golimowski, D.
| author2=et al. | date=2007
| url =http://astro.berkeley.edu/~kalas/lyot2007/Presentations/Golimowski_David_poster.pdf
| url =http://astro.berkeley.edu/~kalas/lyot2007/Presentations/Golimowski_David_poster.pdf
|format=PDF| title =Observations and Models of the Debris Disk around K Dwarf HD 92945
|format=PDF| title =Observations and Models of the Debris Disk around K Dwarf HD 92945
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| author=Williams
| author=Williams
| title=Detection of cool dust around the G2V star HD 107146
| title=Detection of cool dust around the G2V star HD 107146
| journal=Astrophysical Journal | year=2004 | volume=604
| journal=Astrophysical Journal | date=2004 | volume=604
| issue=1
| issue=1
| pages=414–419 | arxiv=astro-ph/0311583
| pages=414–419 | arxiv=astro-ph/0311583
| doi=10.1086/381721 | bibcode=2004ApJ...604..414W| author-separator=,
| doi=10.1086/381721 | bibcode=2004ApJ...604..414W| name-list-format=vanc
| author2= Jonathan P.
| author2= Jonathan P.
⚫
| author3=and others
| displayauthors=2
| displayauthors=2
⚫
| last3=Liu
| first3=Michael C.
| last4=Bottinelli
| last4=Bottinelli
| first4=Sandrine
| first4=Sandrine
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| author=SU, K.Y.L.
| author=SU, K.Y.L.
| title=The exceptionally large debris disk around γがんま Ophiuchi
| title=The exceptionally large debris disk around γがんま Ophiuchi
| journal=Astrophysical Journal | year=2008 | volume=679
| journal=Astrophysical Journal | date=2008 | volume=679
| issue=2
| issue=2
| pages=L125–L129 | arxiv=0804.2924
| pages=L125–L129 | arxiv=0804.2924
| doi=10.1086/589508 | bibcode=2008ApJ...679L.125S| author2=and others
| doi=10.1086/589508 | bibcode=2008ApJ...679L.125S| displayauthors=1
| last2=Rieke
| displayauthors=1
| first2=G. H.
| last3=Stapelfeldt
| last3=Stapelfeldt
| first3=K. R.
| first3=K. R.
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|style="text-align:center;"| 129
|style="text-align:center;"| 129
|style="text-align:center;"| 75
|style="text-align:center;"| 75
|<ref name="Marois2008">{{cite journal |last=Marois |first=Christian |authorlink= |date=November 2008 |title=Direct Imaging of Multiple Planets Orbiting the Star HR 8799 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=322 |issue= 5906|pages= 1348–52|doi=10.1126/science.1166585 |url= |accessdate= |quote= |pmid=19008415 |bibcode = 2008Sci...322.1348M |arxiv = 0811.2606 |author3=and others |displayauthors=2 |last2=MacIntosh |first2=B. |last4=Zuckerman |first4=B. |last5=Song |first5=I. |last6=Patience |first6=J. |last7=Lafreniere |first7=D. |last8=Doyon |first8=R. }} ([http://exoplanet.eu/papers/exo_science.pdf Preprint at exoplanet.eu])</ref>
|<ref name="Marois2008">{{cite journal |last=Marois |first=Christian |date=November 2008 |title=Direct Imaging of Multiple Planets Orbiting the Star HR 8799 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=322 |issue= 5906|pages= 1348–52|doi=10.1126/science.1166585 |pmid=19008415 |bibcode = 2008Sci...322.1348M |arxiv = 0811.2606 |displayauthors=2 |last2=MacIntosh |first2=B. |last3=Barman |first3=Travis |last4=Zuckerman |first4=B. |last5=Song |first5=I. |last6=Patience |first6=J. |last7=Lafreniere |first7=D. |last8=Doyon |first8=R. }} ([http://exoplanet.eu/papers/exo_science.pdf Preprint at exoplanet.eu])</ref>
|-
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|[[51 Ophiuchi]]
|[[51 Ophiuchi]]
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|style="text-align:center;"| 0.5–1200
|style="text-align:center;"| 0.5–1200
|<ref name="stark09">{{cite journal|bibcode=2009ApJ...703.1188S|title=51 Ophiuchus: A Possible Beta Pictoris Analog Measured with the Keck Interferometer Nuller|author=Stark, C.|year=2009|journal=Astrophysical Journal|volume=703|issue=2|pages=1188–1197|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/703/2/1188|arxiv = 0909.1821 |author2=and others|displayauthors=1|last3=Traub|first3=Wesley A.|last4=Monnier|first4=John D.|last5=Serabyn|first5=Eugene|last6=Colavita|first6=Mark|last7=Koresko|first7=Chris|last8=Mennesson|first8=Bertrand|last9=Keller|first9=Luke D.}}</ref>
|<ref name="stark09">{{cite journal|bibcode=2009ApJ...703.1188S|title=51 Ophiuchus: A Possible Beta Pictoris Analog Measured with the Keck Interferometer Nuller|author=Stark, C.|date=2009|journal=Astrophysical Journal|volume=703|issue=2|pages=1188–1197|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/703/2/1188|arxiv = 0909.1821 |displayauthors=1 |last2=Kuchner |first2=Marc J. |last3=Traub|first3=Wesley A.|last4=Monnier|first4=John D.|last5=Serabyn|first5=Eugene|last6=Colavita|first6=Mark|last7=Koresko|first7=Chris|last8=Mennesson|first8=Bertrand|last9=Keller|first9=Luke D.}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[HD 12039]]
|[[HD 12039]]
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| title=The Formation and Evolution of Planetary Systems (FEPS): Discovery of an Unusual Debris System Associated with HD 12039
| title=The Formation and Evolution of Planetary Systems (FEPS): Discovery of an Unusual Debris System Associated with HD 12039
| journal=The Astrophysical Journal
| journal=The Astrophysical Journal
| year=2006 | volume=638 | issue=2 | pages=1070–1079
| date=2006 | volume=638 | issue=2 | pages=1070–1079
| bibcode=2006ApJ...638.1070H | doi=10.1086/498929 |arxiv = astro-ph/0510294 | author-separator=,
| bibcode=2006ApJ...638.1070H | doi=10.1086/498929 |arxiv = astro-ph/0510294 | name-list-format=vanc
| author2= Dean C.
| author2= Dean C.
⚫
| author3=and others
| displayauthors=2
| displayauthors=2
⚫
| last3=Bouwman
| first3=Jeroen
| last4=Hillenbrand
| last4=Hillenbrand
| first4=Lynne A.
| first4=Lynne A.
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|style="text-align:center;"| 315–550
|style="text-align:center;"| 315–550
|<ref>{{cite journal
|<ref>{{cite journal
| author=Kalas, Paul; Fitzgerald, Michael P.; Graham, James R.
| author=Kalas, Paul
| author2=Fitzgerald, Michael P.
| author3=Graham, James R.
| title=Discovery of Extreme Asymmetry in the Debris Disk Surrounding HD 15115
| title=Discovery of Extreme Asymmetry in the Debris Disk Surrounding HD 15115
| journal=The Astrophysical Journal | year=2007
| journal=The Astrophysical Journal | date=2007
| volume=661 | issue=1 | pages=L85–L88
| volume=661 | issue=1 | pages=L85–L88
| bibcode=2007ApJ...661L..85K | doi=10.1086/518652 |arxiv = 0704.0645 | last2=Fitzgerald
| bibcode=2007ApJ...661L..85K | doi=10.1086/518652 |arxiv = 0704.0645 }}</ref>
| last3=Graham
}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[HR 4796]]&nbsp;A
|[[HR 4796]]&nbsp;A
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|style="text-align:center;"| 200
|style="text-align:center;"| 200
|<ref>{{cite journal
|<ref>{{cite journal
| author=Koerner, D. W.; Ressler, M. E.; Werner, M. W.; Backman, D. E.
| author=Koerner, D. W.
| author2=Ressler, M. E.
| author3=Werner, M. W.
| author4=Backman, D. E.
| title=Mid-Infrared Imaging of a Circumstellar Disk around HR 4796: Mapping the Debris of Planetary Formation
| title=Mid-Infrared Imaging of a Circumstellar Disk around HR 4796: Mapping the Debris of Planetary Formation
| journal=Astrophysical Journal Letters | year=1998
| journal=Astrophysical Journal Letters | date=1998
| volume=503
| volume=503
| issue=1 | pages=L83
| issue=1 | pages=L83
| bibcode=1998ApJ...503L..83K
| bibcode=1998ApJ...503L..83K
| doi=10.1086/311525
| doi=10.1086/311525
|arxiv = astro-ph/9806268 | last2=Ressler
|arxiv = astro-ph/9806268 }}</ref><ref name="villard990108">{{cite web
| author=Villard, Ray
| last3=Werner
⚫
| author2=Weinberger, Alycia
| last4=Backman
⚫
| author3=Smith, Brad
}}</ref><ref name="villard990108">{{cite web
| author=Villard, Ray; Weinberger, Alycia; Smith, Brad
| date=1999-01-08
| date=1999-01-08
| url=http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1999/03/text/
| url=http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1999/03/text/
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|style="text-align:center;"| 0.35–5.8
|style="text-align:center;"| 0.35–5.8
|<ref>{{cite news
|<ref>{{cite news
| author=Meyer, M. R.; Backman, D.
| author=Meyer, M. R.
| author2=Backman, D.
| title=Belt of Material Around Star May Be First Step in Terrestrial Planet Formation
| title=Belt of Material Around Star May Be First Step in Terrestrial Planet Formation
| publisher=University of Arizona, NASA | date=2002-01-08
| publisher=University of Arizona, NASA | date=2002-01-08

Revision as of 05:57, 22 March 2015

Hubble Space Telescope observation of the debris ring around Fomalhaut. The inner edge of the disk may have been shaped by the orbit of Fomalhaut b, at lower right.

A debris disk is a circumstellar disk of dust and debris in orbit around a star. Sometimes these disks contain prominent rings, as seen in the image of Fomalhaut on the right. Debris disks have been found around both mature and young stars, as well as at least one debris disk in orbit around an evolved neutron star.[1] Younger debris disks can constitute a phase in the formation of a planetary system following the protoplanetary disk phase, when terrestrial planets may finish growing.[2] They can also be produced and maintained as the remnants of collisions between planetesimals, otherwise known as asteroids and comets.[3]

By 2001, over 900 candidate stars had been found to possess a debris disk. They are usually discovered by examining the star system in infrared light and looking for an excess of radiation beyond that emitted by the star. This excess is inferred to be radiation from the star that has been absorbed by the dust in the disk, then re-radiated away as infrared energy.[4]

Debris disks are often described as massive analogs to the debris in the Solar System. Most known debris disks have radii of 10–100 astronomical units (AUえーゆー); they resemble the Kuiper belt in the Solar System, but with much more dust. Some debris disks contain a component of warmer dust located within 10 AUえーゆー from the central star. This dust is sometimes called exozodiacal dust by analogy to zodiacal dust in the Solar System.

Observation history

In 1984 a debris disk was detected around the star Vega using the IRAS satellite. Initially this was believed to be a protoplanetary disk, but it is now thought to be a debris disk due to the lack of gas in the disk and the age of the star. Subsequently irregularities have been found in the disk, which may be indicative of the presence of planetary bodies.[5] Similar discoveries of debris disks were made around the stars Fomalhaut and Beta Pictoris.

The nearby star 55 Cancri, a system that is also known to contain five planets, was reported to also have a debris disk,[6] but that detection could not be confirmed.[7] Structures in the debris disk around Epsilon Eridani suggest perturbations by a planetary body in orbit around that star, which may be used to constrain the mass and orbit of the planet.[8]

On 24 April 2014, NASA reported detecting debris disks in archival images of several young stars, HD 141943 and HD 191089, first viewed between 1999 and 2006 with the Hubble Space Telescope, by using newly improved imaging processes.[9]

Origin

Debris disks detected in HST archival images of young stars, HD 141943 and HD 191089, using improved imaging processes (24 April 2014).[9]

During the formation of a Sun-like star, the object passes through the T-Tauri phase during which it is surrounded by a disk-shaped nebula. Out of this material are formed planetesimals, which can undergo an accretion process to form planets. The nebula continues to orbit the pre-main-sequence star for a period of 1–20 million years until it is cleared out by radiation pressure and other processes. Additional dust may then be generated about the star by collisions between the planetismals, which forms a disk out of the resulting debris. At some point during their lifetime, at least 45% of these stars are surrounded by a debris disk, which then can be detected by the thermal emission of the dust using an infrared telescope. Repeated collisions can cause a disk to persist for much of the lifetime of a star.[10]

Typical debris disks contain small grains 1–100 μみゅーm in size. Collisions will grind down these grains to sub-micrometre sizes, which will be removed from the system by radiation pressure from the host star. In very tenuous disks like the ones in the Solar System, the Poynting–Robertson effect can cause particles to spiral inward instead. Both processes limit the lifetime of the disk to 10 Myr or less. Thus, for a disk to remain intact, a process is needed to continually replenish the disk. This can occur, for example, by means of collisions between larger bodies, followed by a cascade that grinds down the objects to the observed small grains.[11]

For collisions to occur in a debris disk, the bodies must be gravitationally perturbed sufficiently to create relatively large collisional velocities. A planetary system around the star can cause such perturbations, as can a binary star companion or the close approach of another star.[11] The presence of a debris disk may indicate a high likelihood of terrestrial planets orbiting the star.[12]

Known belts

Belts of dust or debris have been detected around many stars, as well as the Sun, including the following:

Star Spectral
class[13] 		Distance
(ly) 		Orbit
(AUえーゆー) 		Notes
Epsilon Eridani K2V 10.5 35–75 [8]
Tau Ceti G8V 11.9 35–50 [14]
Vega A0V 25 86–200 [5][15]
Fomalhaut A3V 25 133–158 [5]
AUえーゆー Microscopii M1Ve 33 50–150 [16]
HD 181327 F5.5V 51.8 89-110 [17]
HD 69830 K0V 41 <1 [18]
HD 207129 G0V 52 148–178 [19]
HD 139664 F5IV–V 57 60–109 [20]
Eta Corvi F2V 59 100–150 [21]
HD 53143 K1V 60 ? [20]
Beta Pictoris A6V 63 25–550 [15]
Zeta Leporis A2Vann 70 2–8 [22]
HD 92945 K1V 72 45–175 [23]
HD 107146 G2V 88 130 [24]
Gamma Ophiuchi A0V 95 520 [25]
HR 8799 A5V 129 75 [26]
51 Ophiuchi B9 131 0.5–1200 [27]
HD 12039 G3–5V 137 5 [28]
HD 98800 K5e (?) 150 1 [29]
HD 15115 F2V 150 315–550 [30]
HR 4796 A A0V 220 200 [31][32]
HD 141569 B9.5e 320 400 [32]
HD 113766 A F4V 430 0.35–5.8 [33]
HD 141943 [9]
HD 191089 [9]

The orbital distance of the belt is an estimated mean distance or range, based either on direct measurement from imaging or derived from the temperature of the belt. The Earth has an average distance from the Sun of 1 AUえーゆー.

See also

References

  1. ^ Wang, Z.; Chakrabarty, D.; Kaplan, D. L. (2006). "A debris disk around an isolated young neutron star". Nature. 440 (7085): 772–775. arXiv:astro-ph/0604076. Bibcode:2006astro.ph..4076W. doi:10.1038/nature04669. PMID 16598251.
  2. ^ "Spitzer Team Says Debris Disk Could Be Forming Infant Terrestrial Planets". NASA. 2005-12-14. Archived from the original on 2006-09-08. Retrieved 2007-01-03.
  3. ^ "Spitzer Sees Dusty Aftermath of Pluto-Sized Collision". NASA. 2005-01-10. Archived from the original on 2006-09-08. Retrieved 2007-01-03.
  4. ^ "Debris Disk Database". Royal Observatory Edinburgh. Retrieved 2007-01-03.
  5. ^ a b c "Astronomers discover possible new Solar Systems in formation around the nearby stars Vega and Fomalhaut" (Press release). Joint Astronomy Centre. 1998-04-21. Retrieved 2006-04-24.
  6. ^ "University Of Arizona Scientists Are First To Discover Debris Disk Around Star Orbited By Planet". ScienceDaily. 1998-10-03. Retrieved 2006-05-24.
  7. ^ Schneider, G.; Becklin, E. E.; Smith, B. A.; Weinberger, A. J.; Silverstone, M.; Hines, D. C. (2001). "NICMOS Coronagraphic Observations of 55 Cancri". The Astronomical Journal. 121 (1): 525. arXiv:astro-ph/0010175. Bibcode:2001AJ....121..525S. doi:10.1086/318050.
  8. ^ a b Greaves, J. S.; Holland, W. S.; Wyatt, M. C.; Dent, W. R. F.; Robson, E. I.; Coulson, I. M.; Jenness, T.; Moriarty-Schieven, G. H.; Davis, G. R.; Butner, H. M.; Gear, W. K.; Dominik, C.; Walker, H. J. (2005). "Structure in the Epsilon Eridani Debris Disk". The Astrophysical Journal. 619 (2): L187–L190. Bibcode:2005ApJ...619L.187G. doi:10.1086/428348.
  9. ^ a b c d Harrington, J.D.; Villard, Ray (24 April 2014). "RELEASE 14-114 Astronomical Forensics Uncover Planetary Disks in NASA's Hubble Archive". NASA. Archived from the original on 2014-04-25. Retrieved 2014-04-25. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ Thomas, Paul J. (2006). Comets and the origin and evolution of life. Advances in astrobiology and biogeophysics (2nd ed.). Springer. p. 104. ISBN 3-540-33086-0.
  11. ^ a b Kenyon, Scott; Bromley, Benjamin (2007). "Stellar Flybys & Planetary Debris Disks". Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Retrieved 2007-07-23.
  12. ^ Raymond, Sean N.; Armitage, P. J.; Moro-Martín, A.; Booth, M.; Wyatt, M. C.; Armstrong, J. C.; Mandell, A. M.; Selsis, F.; West, A. A. (2011). "Debris disks as signposts of terrestrial planet formation". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 530: A62. arXiv:1104.0007. Bibcode:2011A&A...530A..62R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201116456. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ "SIMBAD: Query by identifiers". Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2007-07-17.
  14. ^ Greaves, J. S.; Wyatt, M. C.; Holland, W. S.; Dent, W. R. F. (2004). "The debris disc around tau Ceti: a massive analogue to the Kuiper Belt". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 351 (3): L54–L58. Bibcode:2004MNRAS.351L..54G. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07957.x.
  15. ^ a b Backman, D. E. (1996). "Dust in beta PIC / VEGA Main Sequence Systems". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. 28: 1056. Bibcode:1996DPS....28.0122B.
  16. ^ Sanders, Robert (2007-01-08). "Dust around nearby star like powder snow". UC Berkeley News. Retrieved 2007-01-11.
  17. ^ Lebreton, J.; Augereau, J.-C.; Thi, W.-F.; Roberge, A.; Donaldson, J.; Schneider, G.; Maddison, S. T.; Ménard, F.; Riviere-Marichalar, P.; Mathews, G. S.; Kamp, I.; Pinte, C.; Dent, W. R. F.; Barrado, D.; Duchêne, G.; Gonzalez, J.-F.; Grady, C. A.; Meeus, G.; Pantin, E.; Williams, J. P.; Woitke, P. (2012). "An icy Kuiper belt around the young solar-type star HD 181327". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 539 (1): A17. arXiv:1112.3398. Bibcode:2012A&A...539A..17L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117714. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ Lisse, C. M.; Beichman, C. A.; Bryden, G.; Wyatt, M. C. (1999). "On the Nature of the Dust in the Debris Disk around HD 69830". The Astrophysical Journal. 658 (1): 584–592. arXiv:astro-ph/0611452. Bibcode:2007ApJ...658..584L. doi:10.1086/511001.
  19. ^ Krist, John E.; Stapelfeldt, Karl R.; Bryden, Geoffrey; Rieke, George H.; Su, K. Y. L.; Chen, Christine C.; Beichman, Charles A.; Hines, Dean C.; Rebull, Luisa M.; Tanner, Angelle; Trilling, David E.; Clampin, Mark; Gáspár, András (October 2010). "HST and Spitzer Observations of the HD 207129 Debris Ring". The Astronomical Journal. 140 (4): 1051–1061. arXiv:1008.2793. Bibcode:2010AJ....140.1051K. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/140/4/1051. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ a b Kalas, Paul; Graham, James R.; Clampin, Mark C.; Fitzgerald, Michael P. (2006). "First Scattered Light Images of Debris Disks around HD 53143 and HD 139664". The Astrophysical Journal. 637 (1): L57–L60. arXiv:astro-ph/0601488. Bibcode:2006ApJ...637L..57K. doi:10.1086/500305.
  21. ^ Wyatt, M. C.; Greaves, J. S.; Dent, W. R. F.; Coulson, I. M. (2005). "Submillimeter Images of a Dusty Kuiper Belt around Corvi". The Astrophysical Journal. 620 (1): 492–500. arXiv:astro-ph/0411061. Bibcode:2005ApJ...620..492W. doi:10.1086/426929.
  22. ^ Moerchen, M. M.; Telesco, C. M.; Packham, C.; Kehoe, T. J. J. (2006). "Mid-infrared resolution of a 3 AUえーゆー-radius debris disk around Zeta Leporis". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 655 (2): L109. arXiv:astro-ph/0612550. Bibcode:2007ApJ...655L.109M. doi:10.1086/511955.
  23. ^ Golimowski, D.; et al. (2007). "Observations and Models of the Debris Disk around K Dwarf HD 92945" (PDF). University of California, Berkeley Astronomy Department. Retrieved 2007-07-17. {{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author2= (help)
  24. ^ Williams; Jonathan P.; Liu, Michael C.; Bottinelli, Sandrine; Carpenter, John M.; Hillenbrand, Lynne A.; Meyer, Michael R.; Soderblom, David R. (2004). "Detection of cool dust around the G2V star HD 107146". Astrophysical Journal. 604 (1): 414–419. arXiv:astro-ph/0311583. Bibcode:2004ApJ...604..414W. doi:10.1086/381721. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ SU, K.Y.L.; Rieke, G. H.; Stapelfeldt, K. R.; Smith, P. S.; Bryden, G.; Chen, C. H.; Trilling, D. E. (2008). "The exceptionally large debris disk around γがんま Ophiuchi". Astrophysical Journal. 679 (2): L125–L129. arXiv:0804.2924. Bibcode:2008ApJ...679L.125S. doi:10.1086/589508. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ Marois, Christian; MacIntosh, B.; Barman, Travis; Zuckerman, B.; Song, I.; Patience, J.; Lafreniere, D.; Doyon, R. (November 2008). "Direct Imaging of Multiple Planets Orbiting the Star HR 8799". Science. 322 (5906): 1348–52. arXiv:0811.2606. Bibcode:2008Sci...322.1348M. doi:10.1126/science.1166585. PMID 19008415. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help) (Preprint at exoplanet.eu)
  27. ^ Stark, C.; Kuchner, Marc J.; Traub, Wesley A.; Monnier, John D.; Serabyn, Eugene; Colavita, Mark; Koresko, Chris; Mennesson, Bertrand; Keller, Luke D. (2009). "51 Ophiuchus: A Possible Beta Pictoris Analog Measured with the Keck Interferometer Nuller". Astrophysical Journal. 703 (2): 1188–1197. arXiv:0909.1821. Bibcode:2009ApJ...703.1188S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/703/2/1188. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ Hines; Dean C.; Bouwman, Jeroen; Hillenbrand, Lynne A.; Carpenter, John M.; Meyer, Michael R.; Kim, Jinyoung Serena; Silverstone, Murray D.; Rodmann, Jens; Wolf, Sebastian; Mamajek, Eric E.; Brooke, Timothy Y.; Padgett, Deborah L.; Henning, Thomas; Moro-Martín, Amaya; Stobie, E.; Gordon, Karl D.; Morrison, J. E.; Muzerolle, J.; Su, K. Y. L. (2006). "The Formation and Evolution of Planetary Systems (FEPS): Discovery of an Unusual Debris System Associated with HD 12039". The Astrophysical Journal. 638 (2): 1070–1079. arXiv:astro-ph/0510294. Bibcode:2006ApJ...638.1070H. doi:10.1086/498929. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ Furlan, Elise; Sargent; Calvet; Forrest; D'Alessio; Hartmann; Watson; Green; et al. (2007-05-02). "HD 98800: A 10-Myr-Old Transition Disk". The Astrophysical Journal. 664 (2): 1176–1184. arXiv:0705.0380. Bibcode:2007ApJ...664.1176F. doi:10.1086/519301.
  30. ^ Kalas, Paul; Fitzgerald, Michael P.; Graham, James R. (2007). "Discovery of Extreme Asymmetry in the Debris Disk Surrounding HD 15115". The Astrophysical Journal. 661 (1): L85–L88. arXiv:0704.0645. Bibcode:2007ApJ...661L..85K. doi:10.1086/518652.
  31. ^ Koerner, D. W.; Ressler, M. E.; Werner, M. W.; Backman, D. E. (1998). "Mid-Infrared Imaging of a Circumstellar Disk around HR 4796: Mapping the Debris of Planetary Formation". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 503 (1): L83. arXiv:astro-ph/9806268. Bibcode:1998ApJ...503L..83K. doi:10.1086/311525.
  32. ^ a b Villard, Ray; Weinberger, Alycia; Smith, Brad (1999-01-08). "Hubble Views of Dust Disks and Rings Surrounding Young Stars Yield Clues". HubbleSite. Retrieved 2007-06-17.
  33. ^ Meyer, M. R.; Backman, D. (2002-01-08). "Belt of Material Around Star May Be First Step in Terrestrial Planet Formation". University of Arizona, NASA. Retrieved 2007-07-17.

External links

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