Protosebastos: Difference between revisions
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==Sources== |
==Sources== |
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* {{Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium}} |
* {{Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Magdalino|first=Paul|authorlink=Paul Magdalino|title=The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143–1180|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002|origyear=1993|isbn=0-521-52653-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cWZvqp7q18C|ref=harv}} |
* {{cite book|last=Magdalino|first=Paul|authorlink=Paul Magdalino|title=The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143–1180|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002|origyear=1993|isbn=0-521-52653-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cWZvqp7q18C|ref=harv}} |
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Revision as of 14:38, 25 April 2018
The title of protosebastos (Greek: πρωτοσέβαστος, prōtosésbatos, "first sebastos") was a high Byzantine court title created by Emperor Alexios I Komnenos.
History
Although the title first appears in a document of 1049, where Domenico I Contarini, the Doge of Venice, uses it alongside the title of patrikios to refer to himself, it is commonly accepted that it was created by Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118).[1] It was first conferred to his brother Adrianos,[2] while another early holder, his brother-in-law Michael Taronites, was soon after raised to the even higher title of panhypersebastos.[1] It was also conferred on Sergius VI of Naples and his son, John VI, at about the same time.[3]
Later, during the 12th century, it was given to close relatives of the Byzantine emperor, such as the eldest son of a sebastokratōr.[4] In the Palaiologan period it was conferred to leading aristocratic families, such as the Tarchaneiotai, the Raoul, etc.[1]
The Book on Offices by Pseudo-Kodinos, written shortly after the middle of the 14th century, places the prōtosebastos in the thirteenth place in the overall hierarchy after the emperor, between the megas logothetēs and the pinkernēs.[5] His ceremonial costume comprised a golden-green skiadion hat with silk embroideries, or a domed skaranikon in a reddish apricot colour decorated with gold-wire embroidery, with a painted glass depiction of the emperor standing in front, and enthroned in the rear. A rich silk kabbadion tunic was also worn.[6]
Notable holders
- Adrianos Komnenos, brother of Alexios I Komnenos
- Alexios Branas, general
- Alexios Komnenos, nephew of Manuel I Komnenos, de facto regent in 1180–82
- Constantine Bodin, ruler of Duklja in 1081–1101
- George Mouzalon, friend and chief minister of Theodore II Laskaris
- Hrelja, magnate of the Serbian Empire
- John Doukas Kamateros, cousin and senior minister of Manuel I Komnenos
- John Komnenos, nephew of Alexios I Komnenos and governor of Dyrrhachium
- Michael Panaretos, official and historian of the Empire of Trebizond
- Philaretos Brachamios, general
References
- ^ a b c ODB, "Protosebastos" (A. Kazhdan), pp. 1747–1748.
- ^ Magdalino 2002, p. 181.
- ^ von Falkenhausen 2007, p. 107.
- ^ Stiernon 1965, p. 224.
- ^ Verpeaux 1966, p. 137.
- ^ Verpeaux 1966, p. 155.
Sources
- Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
- Magdalino, Paul (2002) [1993]. The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143–1180. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52653-1.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Stiernon, Lucien (1965). "Notes de titulature et de prosopographie byzantines: Sébaste et gambros". Revue des études byzantines. 23: 222–243. doi:10.3406/rebyz.1965.1349.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Verpeaux, Jean, ed. (1966). Pseudo-Kodinos, Traité des Offices (in French). Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - von Falkenhausen, Vera (2007). "The South Italian Sources". Proceedings of the British Academy. 132.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)