Indian Famine Codes: Difference between revisions
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The '''Indian Famine Codes''', developed by the colonial British in the 1880s, were one of the earliest [[famine scale]]s. The Famine Codes defined three levels of [[food insecurity]]: near-scarcity, scarcity, and [[famine]]. "Scarcity" was defined as three successive years of [[crop failure]], [[crop yield]]s of one-third or one-half normal, and large populations in distress. "Famine" further included a rise in [[food prices]] to above 140% of "normal", the movement of people in search of food, and widespread mortality.<ref name="L. Brennan">{{Citation |
The '''Indian Famine Codes''', developed by the colonial British in the 1880s, were one of the earliest [[famine scale]]s. The Famine Codes defined three levels of [[food insecurity]]: near-scarcity, scarcity, and [[famine]]. "Scarcity" was defined as three successive years of [[crop failure]], [[crop yield]]s of one-third or one-half normal, and large populations in distress. "Famine" further included a rise in [[food prices]] to above 140% of "normal", the movement of people in search of food, and widespread mortality.<ref name="L. Brennan">{{Citation |
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| last =Brennan | first =L | year =1984 | contribution =The development of the India Famine Codes: personalities, policies and politics | contribution-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=FoNS2fM8N0kC& |
| last =Brennan | first =L | year =1984 | contribution =The development of the India Famine Codes: personalities, policies and politics | contribution-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=FoNS2fM8N0kC&q=The+Development+of+the+Indian+Famine+Codes&pg=PA91 | editor-last =Currey | editor-first =Bruce | editor2-last =Hugo | editor2-first =Graeme | title =Famine as a geographical phenomenon | edition =Illustrated | series =GeoJournal library | publisher =Springer | volume =Volume 1 | pages =91–110 | isbn =90-277-1762-1}}</ref> |
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In order to address the issues of famine in India they created an Indian Famine commission to create ways to prevent and avoid future famine in India.<ref name="L. Brennan"/> So in 1880 the secretary of commission wrote a draft of the Indian Famine Code. This famine code became the basis of famine prevention until the 1970s. More famine codes were created after the Indian Famine Codes (Bihar) but they addressed similar ideas that the Indian one did, the Indian Famine code was the foundation of multiple famine codes/ scales. Famine codes and scales measure the intensity and magnitude of the famine.<ref name="Scales">{{Citation | |
In order to address the issues of famine in India they created an Indian Famine commission to create ways to prevent and avoid future famine in India.<ref name="L. Brennan"/> So in 1880 the secretary of commission wrote a draft of the Indian Famine Code. This famine code became the basis of famine prevention until the 1970s. More famine codes were created after the Indian Famine Codes (Bihar) but they addressed similar ideas that the Indian one did, the Indian Famine code was the foundation of multiple famine codes/ scales. Famine codes and scales measure the intensity and magnitude of the famine.<ref name="Scales">{{Citation | date=March 2009 | title=Retrospective determination of whether famine existed in Niger | periodical=Field Exchange | issue=35 | page=10 | publisher=ENN | url=http://fex.ennonline.net/35/retrospective.aspx | accessdate=October 11, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100907065555/http://fex.ennonline.net/35/retrospective.aspx | archive-date=September 7, 2010 | url-status=dead }} '''Summary of published research:''' {{cite journal| last1 =Reza | first1 =Avid | last2 =Tomczyk | first2 =Basia | last3 =Aguayo | first3 =Victor M | last4 =Zagré | first4 =Noel M | last5 =Goumbi | first5 =Kadadé | last6 =Blanton | first6 =Curtis | last7 =Talley | first7 =Leisel | title=Retrospective determination of whether famine existed in Niger, 2005: two stage cluster survey. | journal=BMJ | year= 2008 | volume= 337 | issue= | pages= a1622 | pmid=18832413 | pmc=2658864 | doi=10.1136/bmj.a1622 }}</ref> This famine code was one of the first attempts to predict famine, and by predicting it, prevent it. |
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When the British created these 'Indian Famine Codes' they were the first modern reaction to the famines in India. The codes classified food scarcity on a scale of intensity and had steps that governments were required to take to mitigate the risk of famine.<ref name="Brittanica">{{cite |
When the British created these 'Indian Famine Codes' they were the first modern reaction to the famines in India. The codes classified food scarcity on a scale of intensity and had steps that governments were required to take to mitigate the risk of famine.<ref name="Brittanica">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Historical responses to famine |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/201392/famine/277562/ |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |accessdate=8 October 2009}}</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 09:27, 12 November 2020
The Indian Famine Codes, developed by the colonial British in the 1880s, were one of the earliest famine scales. The Famine Codes defined three levels of food insecurity: near-scarcity, scarcity, and famine. "Scarcity" was defined as three successive years of crop failure, crop yields of one-third or one-half normal, and large populations in distress. "Famine" further included a rise in food prices to above 140% of "normal", the movement of people in search of food, and widespread mortality.[1]
In order to address the issues of famine in India they created an Indian Famine commission to create ways to prevent and avoid future famine in India.[1] So in 1880 the secretary of commission wrote a draft of the Indian Famine Code. This famine code became the basis of famine prevention until the 1970s. More famine codes were created after the Indian Famine Codes (Bihar) but they addressed similar ideas that the Indian one did, the Indian Famine code was the foundation of multiple famine codes/ scales. Famine codes and scales measure the intensity and magnitude of the famine.[2] This famine code was one of the first attempts to predict famine, and by predicting it, prevent it.
When the British created these 'Indian Famine Codes' they were the first modern reaction to the famines in India. The codes classified food scarcity on a scale of intensity and had steps that governments were required to take to mitigate the risk of famine.[3]
References
- ^ a b Brennan, L (1984), "The development of the India Famine Codes: personalities, policies and politics", in Currey, Bruce; Hugo, Graeme (eds.), Famine as a geographical phenomenon, GeoJournal library, vol. Volume 1 (Illustrated ed.), Springer, pp. 91–110, ISBN 90-277-1762-1
{{citation}}:|volume=has extra text (help) - ^ "Retrospective determination of whether famine existed in Niger", Field Exchange, no. 35, ENN, p. 10, March 2009, archived from the original on September 7, 2010, retrieved October 11, 2009 Summary of published research: Reza, Avid; Tomczyk, Basia; Aguayo, Victor M; Zagré, Noel M; Goumbi, Kadadé; Blanton, Curtis; Talley, Leisel (2008). "Retrospective determination of whether famine existed in Niger, 2005: two stage cluster survey". BMJ. 337: a1622. doi:10.1136/bmj.a1622. PMC 2658864. PMID 18832413.
- ^ "Historical responses to famine". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 8 October 2009.