1221
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| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
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| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
| 1221 by topic |
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| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Births – Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments – Disestablishments |
| Art and literature |
| 1221 in poetry |
| Gregorian calendar | 1221 MCCXXI |
| Ab urbe condita | 1974 |
| Armenian calendar | 670 ԹՎ ՈՀ |
| Assyrian calendar | 5971 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1142–1143 |
| Bengali calendar | 628 |
| Berber calendar | 2171 |
| English Regnal year | 5 Hen. 3 – 6 Hen. 3 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1765 |
| Burmese calendar | 583 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6729–6730 |
| Chinese calendar | 3918 or 3711 — to — 3919 or 3712 |
| Coptic calendar | 937–938 |
| Discordian calendar | 2387 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1213–1214 |
| Hebrew calendar | 4981–4982 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1277–1278 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1142–1143 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4321–4322 |
| Holocene calendar | 11221 |
| Igbo calendar | 221–222 |
| Iranian calendar | 599–600 |
| Islamic calendar | 617–618 |
| Japanese calendar | Jōkyū 3 ( |
| Javanese calendar | 1129–1130 |
| Julian calendar | 1221 MCCXXI |
| Korean calendar | 3554 |
| Minguo calendar | 691 before ROC |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −247 |
| Thai solar calendar | 1763–1764 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阳金龙年 (male Iron-Dragon) 1347 or 966 or 194 — to — 阴金 (female Iron-Snake) 1348 or 967 or 195 |
Year 1221 (MCCXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
- November – Emperor Theodore I (Laskaris) dies after a 16-year reign and is succeeded by his son-in-law John III (Doukas). John fends off Theodore's brothers, who believe that they have the better claim for the throne of the Empire of Nicaea. In December, he becomes the sole ruler, and during his reign, the Empire becomes the most powerful of the Byzantine successor states and the frontrunner in the race to recover Constantinople from the Latin Empire.[1] John also cultivates a close relationship with Emperor Frederick II and negotiates with Pope Honorius III about the possibility of reuniting the Church.
- June – Sultan Al-Kamil again offers peace terms to Cardinal Pelagius with the cession of Jerusalem and all Palestine apart from Oultrejordain, together with a 30 years' truce and money compensation for the dismantling of Jerusalem. Meanwhile, a German contingent under Louis I of Bavaria arrives at Damietta, with orders from Frederick II not to launch an attack on Cairo until the emperor's arrival. Louis and Pelagius decide to advance into Egypt towards Mansoura, where Al-Kamil has build a fortress to protect Cairo. The Crusaders assemble their armies and tents are set up just up the Nile, on June 29.[2]
- July 4 – Pelagius orders a three-days fast in preparation for the advance. King John I of Jerusalem arrives at Damietta, to rejoin the Crusade at the command of Honorius III. The Crusader force moves towards Sheremsah, halfway between Faraskur and Mansoura on the east bank of the Nile, occupying the city on July 12. Sources tell of 630 ships of various sizes, 5,000 knights, 4,000 archers, and 40,000 men. A horde of pilgrims march with the army. They are ordered to keep close to the river, to supply the Crusaders with water. Pelagius plans a new offensive and leaves a large garrison at Damietta.[3]
- July 24 – Pelagius moves the Crusader forces near Ashmun al-Rumman, on the opposite bank from Mansoura. Queen-Regent Alice of Cyprus and leaders of the military orders warn Pelagius of a large Muslim army being formed in Syria. Meanwhile, the Egyptian army under Al-Kamil crosses the Nile near Lake Manzaleh and establishes themselves between the Crusader camp and Damietta. In the Ushmum canal at Sheremsah, Al-Kamil's ships sail down it and block the Crusaders' line of communications to Damietta. In August, Pelagius orders a retreat, but the route is cut off by Egyptian troops.[4]
- January – The Mongol army under Jochi captures the city of Gurganj (modern-day Konye-Urgench in Turkmenistan), and massacres the inhabitants, reported by contemporary scholars as being over a million.
- February – The oasis city of Merv on the Silk Road is sacked by the Mongols under Tolui, at the orders of Genghis Khan. Contemporary scholars report over a million people are systematically killed in a genocide.
- February 4 – The city of Nizhny Novgorod is founded by Grand Prince Yuri II of Vladimir.
- May 13 – Emperor Juntoku is forced to abdicate, and is briefly succeeded by his 2-year-old son Emperor Chūkyō, on the throne of Japan. Ex-Emperor Go-Toba leads the unsuccessful Jōkyū War, against the Kamakura shogunate.
- June 16 – The Jews of Erfurt, Germany are massacred, after a ritual murder libel. A crowd storms the synagogue where the Jews have gathered. The threat is baptism or death. The Jewish quarter, including the synagogue, is razed; many Jews are tortured and killed. Among the martyrs are Shem Tov ha-Levi, and Rabbi and Mrs. Shmuel Kalonymos. This day will be observed as a fast day (al Kiddush Hashem) for many years.
- July 29 – 10-year-old Emperor Go-Horikawa ascends to the Chrysanthemum Throne of Japan.[5]
- A large and highly efficient Mongol army, dispatched under Subutai by Genghis Khan to Georgia, defeats two Georgian armies around Tbilisi, but lacks the will or equipment to besiege the city.
- Genghis Khan enters the Indus Valley in modern-day Pakistan.[6][7]
- Majd al-Mulk al-Muzaffar, the grand vizier of Khorasan, is killed in a genocide by the Mongol invaders.
- Nizari Ismaili emissaries meet Genghis Khan in Balkh.[8]
- The Maya of the Yucatán revolt against the rulers of Chichen Itza.[9][10]
Births
- May 13 – Alexander Nevsky, Grand Prince of Novgorod (d. 1263)[11]
- October 9 – Salimbene di Adam, Italian chronicler (d. 1290)[12]
- November 23 – Alfonso X (the Wise), king of Castile (d. 1284)[13]
- Bonaventure, Italian theologian and philosopher (d. 1274)[14]
- Margaret of Provence, queen consort of France (d. 1295)
Deaths
- March 27 – Berengaria of Portugal, queen of Denmark (b. 1198)
- August 6 – Dominic, founder of the Dominican Order (b. 1170)[15]
- September 15 – Geoffrey of Rohan, French nobleman (b. 1190)
- October 4 – William IV (Talvas), Norman nobleman (b. 1179)
- October 21 – Alix (or Alis), Breton noblewoman (b. 1200)
- Adam of Perseigne, French Cistercian abbot (b. 1145)
- Albertet de Sestaro, French jongleur and troubadour
- Gebre Meskel, ruler of the Ethiopian Empire (b. 1162)
- Gruffydd Vychan ap Iowerth, English knight (b. 1150)
- Hassan III, ruler of the Nizari Ismaili State (b. 1187)
- Henry I of Rodez, French nobleman and troubadour
- John of Tynemouth, English priest and archdeacon
- Roger Bigod, English nobleman and knight (b. 1144)
- Theodore I (Laskaris), emperor of Nicaea (b. 1175)
- Walter de Lindsay, Scottish nobleman and knight
References
- ^ George Akropolites (2007). The History, p. 160. Trans. Ruth Macrides. New York: Oxford University Press.
- ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 140. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
- ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 140–141. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
- ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 141. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
- ^ Perkins, George W. (August 1998). "Mourning Attire". The Clear Mirror: A Chronicle of the Japanese Court During the Kamakura Period (1185-1333). Stanford University Press. p. 59. ISBN 0804763887.
- ^ Jeune, Sir Francis Henry (1867). The Mahometan Power in India: The Arnold Prize Essay for 1867. p. 20.
- ^ Lindsay Brown; Paul Clammer; Rodney Cocks (2008). "North-west Frontier Province". Pakistan and the Karakoram Highway. Lonely Planet. p. 189. ISBN 978-1741045420.
- ^ Daftary, Farhad (2012). Historical Dictionary of the Ismailis. Scarecrow Press. p. xxx. ISBN 978-0-8108-6164-0.
- ^ Richard Bodley Scott; Graham Briggs; Rudy Scott Nelson (2009). Blood and Gold: The Americas at War. Osprey Publishing. p. 35. ISBN 978-1846036910. Archived from the original on December 27, 2014. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
- ^ Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1883). The native races. 1882-86. British Columbia: History Company.
- ^ V.A. Kuchkin (1986). О дате рождения Александра Невского [About the Birthdate of Alexander Nevsky]. Вопросы истории [Questions of History] (in Russian) (2): 174–176. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015.
- ^ Rayborn, Tim (October 9, 2014). "Popular Religion, Heresy and Mendicancy". Against the Friars: Antifraternalism in Medieval France and England. McFarland. p. 17. ISBN 978-0786468317.
- ^ Francisco Márquez Villanueva; Carlos Alberto Vega (1990). Alfonso X of Castile, the learned king, 1221-1284: an international symposium, Harvard University, 17 November 1984. Dept. of Romance Languages and Literatures of Harvard University. p. 165. ISBN 0940940434.
- ^ M. Walsh, ed. (1991). Butler's Lives of the Saints. New York: HarperCollins. p. 216.
- ^ Perkins, Charles Callahan (1864). "The Arca Di S. Domenico.". Tuscan sculptors: their lives, works and times, Volume 1. Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green. p. 19.
Saint Dominic 1221 August 6.