Clavibacter insidiosus
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Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. insidiosus is a subspecies of Clavibacter michiganensis. It causes bacterial wilt, with its most notable host being Medicago sativa (alfalfa). Other species in the Medicago genus are also known to be hosts such as Medicago falcata. Additionally, Lotus corniculatus, Melilotus alba, Onobrychis viciifolia, and Trifolium sp. are known hosts.[1]
Pathology
Plants like alfalfa are often mowed, and this causes cut stems. The cut stems increase disease susceptibility be providing wounds for the bacteria to enter.[2] C. m. insidiosus causes a systemic disease: the leaflets curl up, an indicative symptom of this disease.[1] Occasionally, it causes necrosis of the leaflets.[2] Yellowing of the plant and yellow-brown roots often occurs. This disease is either fatal or causes severe damage to the host with the bacteria leading to stunted growth.[2] C. m. insidiosus needs to be cultured from the infected plant tissues and PCR-tests must be run to confirm a diagnosis.[2]
C. m. insidiosus is typically dispersed by the moving of hay between different agricultural sites. Farm equipment that is not properly sanitized can also spread the pathogen. Water is known to move the bacterium;[3] if an area in not irrigated and there is low rainfall, the disease will usually not be present[2]. Plant wounds, specifically on the stem or roots, increase disease susceptibility[3] (because there is now wound for the bacteria to enter[2]) and are often made by mowing, nematodes, or insects. Stem nematodes often act as a vector. They can carry the bacteria on their surface.[3] If the plant is infected by root-knot nematodes, bacterial wilt is more likely and typically more severe.[2] Infested soil can additionally cause disease.[4] A small number of diseased plants (about 6.3-7.7%) can transmit the bacterium to their seeds.[5]
Management
Disease management of bacterial wilt is critical. One crucial way to control the disease is plant resistance. Finding and then growing only resistant plants will limit the bacterium’s ability to spread.[6] Plants that can winter well tend to be more resistant.[4] If susceptible plants are grown, there should be a two-year crop rotation with cultivation[4] (cultural management) and herbicide[2] (chemical management). There are many methods of cultural management to control bacterial wilt. Some countries require crop inspection in order for seed to be moved.[2] Additionally, it is important to keep seeds with the pathogen away from areas where bacterial wilt is not present. The bacterium can be transferred on a variety of farm equipment so the equipment should be cleaned very regularly.[2] If plants need to be cut, they should do so when they are dry because the bacterium moves in water. Furthermore, plants that are younger and/or resistant should be cut prior to the plants that are older and/or susceptible to prevent disease. Due to the bacterium’s affinity for water, any irrigation used should be carefully monitored to prevent any excess water.[4] This all helps to prevent the epiphytic phase of the bacterium.
References
- ^ a b "PM 7/99 (1): Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. insidiosus". EPPO Bulletin. 40 (3): 353–364. December 2010. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2338.2010.02408.x.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Rhodes, Landon H, and William O. Lamp. “Bacterial Wilt” Compendium of Alfalfa Diseases and Pests, by Deborah A. Samac, third ed., American Phytopathological Society, 2015, pp. 62–63.
- ^ a b c "Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. insidiosus (McCulloch) Davis et al". EFSA Journal. 12 (12). December 2014. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3910.
- ^ a b c d D. A. Samac, K. Ophel-Keller, and D. Caffier (January 2017). "Detection of Plant-Pathogenic Bacteria in Seed and Other Planting Material, Second Edition": 103–107. doi:10.1094/9780890545416.016.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Samac, Deborah A.; Nix, Ronda J.; Oleson, Arland E. (December 1998). "Transmission Frequency of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. insidiosus to Alfalfa Seed and Identification of the Bacterium by PCR". Plant Disease. 82 (12): 1362–1367. doi:10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.12.1362.
- ^ "Clavibacter insidiosus (CORBIN)[Documents]| EPPO Global Database". gd.eppo.int.