Lymphotoxin
lymphotoxin alpha (TNF superfamily, member 1) | |||||||
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Identifiers | |||||||
Symbol | LTA | ||||||
Alt. symbols | TNFB | ||||||
NCBI gene | 4049 | ||||||
HGNC | 6709 | ||||||
OMIM | 153440 | ||||||
RefSeq | NM_000595 | ||||||
UniProt | P01374 | ||||||
Other data | |||||||
Locus | Chr. 6 p21.3 | ||||||
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Lymphotoxin is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily of cytokines, whose members are responsible for regulating the growth and function of lymphocytes and are expressed by a wide variety of cells in the body.[1]
Lymphotoxin plays a critical role in developing and preserving the framework of lymphoid organs and of gastrointestinal immune responses, as well as in the activation signaling of both the innate and adaptive immune responses.[2][3] Lymphotoxin alpha (LT-
Structure and function
[edit]Each LT-
Lymphotoxin is produced by lymphocytes upon activation and is involved with various aspects of the immune response, including inflammation and activation signaling.[5] Upon binding to the LT
Receptor binding and signaling activation
[edit]In general, lymphotoxin ligands are expressed by immune cells, while their receptors are found on stromal and epithelial cells.[4]
The lymphotoxin homotrimer and heterotrimers are specific to different receptors. The LT-
Lymphotoxin administers a variety of activation signals in the innate immune response. LT-
Carcinogenic interactions
[edit]Lymphotoxin has cytotoxic properties that can aid in the destruction of tumor cells and promote the death of cancerous cells. The activation of LT-
However, some studies using cancer models have found that a high expression of lymphotoxin can lead to increased growth of tumors and cancerous cell lines. The signaling of the LT-
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Nedwin GE, Naylor SL, Sakaguchi AY, Smith D, Jarrett-Nedwin J, Pennica D, et al. (September 1985). "Human lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis factor genes: structure, homology and chromosomal localization". Nucleic Acids Research. 13 (17): 6361–73. doi:10.1093/nar/13.17.6361. PMC 321958. PMID 2995927.
- ^ a b c d Schlüter D, Deckert M (August 2000). "The divergent role of tumor necrosis factor receptors in infectious diseases". Microbes and Infection. 2 (10): 1285–92. doi:10.1016/S1286-4579(00)01282-X. PMID 11008118.
- ^ a b c d Benedict CA, Ware CF (October 2001). "Virus targeting of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily". Virology. 289 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1006/viro.2001.1109. PMID 11601911.
- ^ a b c d e Weinstein AM, Storkus WJ (2015). "Therapeutic Lymphoid Organogenesis in the Tumor Microenvironment". Advances in Cancer Research. 128. Elsevier: 197–233. doi:10.1016/bs.acr.2015.04.003. ISBN 978-0-12-802316-7. PMC 4853818. PMID 26216634.
- ^ a b c d e f Ruddle NH (April 2014). "Lymphotoxin and TNF: how it all began-a tribute to the travelers". Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews. 25 (2): 83–9. doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.02.001. PMC 4027955. PMID 24636534.
- ^ Ngo VN, Korner H, Gunn MD, Schmidt KN, Riminton DS, Cooper MD, et al. (January 1999). "Lymphotoxin alpha/beta and tumor necrosis factor are required for stromal cell expression of homing chemokines in B and T cell areas of the spleen". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 189 (2): 403–12. doi:10.1084/jem.189.2.403. PMC 2192983. PMID 9892622.
- ^ Fundamental immunology. Paul, William E. (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2008. ISBN 978-0-7817-6519-0. OCLC 195684254.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ a b Gubernatorova EO, Tumanov AV (November 2016). "Tumor Necrosis Factor and Lymphotoxin in Regulation of Intestinal Inflammation". Biochemistry. Biokhimiia. 81 (11): 1309–1325. doi:10.1134/S0006297916110092. PMID 27914457. S2CID 15764230.
- ^ Müller JR, Siebenlist U (April 2003). "Lymphotoxin beta receptor induces sequential activation of distinct NF-kappa B factors via separate signaling pathways". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (14): 12006–12. doi:10.1074/jbc.M210768200. PMID 12556537.
- ^ Yilmaz ZB, Weih DS, Sivakumar V, Weih F (January 2003). "RelB is required for Peyer's patch development: differential regulation of p52-RelB by lymphotoxin and TNF". The EMBO Journal. 22 (1): 121–30. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdg004. PMC 140043. PMID 12505990.
- ^ a b c Bauer J, Namineni S, Reisinger F, Zöller J, Yuan D, Heikenwälder M (2012). "Lymphotoxin, NF-ĸB, and cancer: the dark side of cytokines". Digestive Diseases. 30 (5): 453–68. doi:10.1159/000341690. PMID 23108301. S2CID 13165828.
- ^ Korneev KV, Atretkhany KN, Drutskaya MS, Grivennikov SI, Kuprash DV, Nedospasov SA (January 2017). "TLR-signaling and proinflammatory cytokines as drivers of tumorigenesis". Cytokine. 89: 127–135. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2016.01.021. PMID 26854213.
- ^ a b c d Fernandes MT, Dejardin E, dos Santos NR (April 2016). "Context-dependent roles for lymphotoxin-
β receptor signaling in cancer development". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer. 1865 (2): 204–19. doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.02.005. hdl:10400.1/9527. PMID 26923876.
Further reading
[edit]- Schlüter D, Deckert M (August 2000). "The divergent role of tumor necrosis factor receptors in infectious diseases". Microbes and Infection. 2 (10): 1285–92. doi:10.1016/S1286-4579(00)01282-X. PMID 11008118.
- Zhu M, Fu YX (November 2011). "The role of core TNF/LIGHT family members in lymph node homeostasis and remodeling". Immunological Reviews. 244 (1): 75–84. doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01061.x. PMID 22017432. S2CID 44057024.
- Benedict CA, Ware CF (October 2001). "Virus targeting of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily". Virology. 289 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1006/viro.2001.1109. PMID 11601911.
- Ruddle NH (April 2014). "Lymphotoxin and TNF: how it all began-a tribute to the travelers". Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews. 25 (2): 83–9. doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.02.001. PMC 4027955. PMID 24636534.
External links
[edit]- Lymphotoxin at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)