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Foreign relations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

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Nations with which [Democratic Republic of] Congo has diplomatic relations.

Its location in the center of Africa has made the Democratic Republic of the Congo (at one time known as Zaire) a key player in the region since independence. Because of its size, mineral wealth, and strategic location, Zaire was able to capitalize on Cold War tensions to garner support from the West. In the early 1990s, however, with the end of the Cold War and in the face of growing evidence of human rights abuses, Western support waned as pressure for internal reform increased.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is in the grip of a civil war that has drawn in military forces from neighboring states, with Ugandan, Burundian, and Rwandan forces helping the rebel movement which occupies much of the eastern portion of the state.

One problem is the continuing theft of mineral resources, such as coltan, by occupying forces. One estimate has the Rwandan army making $350 million in 48 months from the sale of coltan, even though Rwanda has no coltan deposits[citation needed]. Not only can the DRC not make any money from its mineral wealth, due to its inability to tax anything in rebel-held areas, but the wealth is also used itself to finance insurgent activities.

Troops from Zimbabwe, Angola, Namibia, Chad, and Sudan support the Kinshasa regime.

Furthermore, relations with surrounding countries have often been driven by security concerns. Intricate and interlocking alliances have often characterized regional relations. Conflicts in Sudan, Uganda, Angola, Rwanda, and Burundi have at various times created bilateral and regional tensions. The current crisis in DRC has its roots both in the use of The Congo as a base by various insurgency groups attacking neighboring countries and in the absence of a broad-based political system in the Congo.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is also a member of the International Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the U.S.-military (as covered under Article 98).

Disputes – international

Democratic Republic of the Congo is in the grip of a civil war that has drawn in military forces from neighboring states, with Uganda and Rwanda supporting the rebel movements that occupy much of the eastern portion of the state – Tutsi, Hutu, Lendu, Hema and other conflicting ethnic groups, political rebels, and various government forces continue fighting in Great Lakes region, transcending the boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda – heads of the Great Lakes states pledge to end conflict, but localized violence continues despite UN peacekeeping efforts; most of the Congo River boundary with the Republic of the Congo is indefinite (no agreement has been reached on the division of the river or its islands, except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area).

On December 19, 2005, the International Court of Justice found against Uganda, in a case brought by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, for illegal invasion of its territory, and violation of human rights.

Illicit drugs

The DRC has some illicit production of cannabis, mostly for domestic consumption. While rampant corruption and inadequate supervision leaves the banking system vulnerable to money laundering, the lack of a well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a money-laundering center.

Bilateral relations

Africa

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Algeria
 Angola 29 July 1978 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 July 1978[1]

See Angola–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations

  • Angola has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Luanda.
 Burundi
  • Burundi has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Bujumbura.
 Cameroon 29 June 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 June 1965[2]
 Central African Republic
  • CAR has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Bangui.
 Chad
  • Chad has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in N'Djamena and a consulate in Moundou.
 Côte d'Ivoire
  • Côte d'Ivoire has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Abidjan.
 Egypt
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Cairo.
  • Egypt has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Republic of the Congo See Democratic Republic of the Congo–Republic of the Congo relations
  • Congo has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Brazzaville.
 Gabon 28 January 1970 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 January 1970[3]
 Guinea-Bissau 19 July 1974 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 July 1974[4]
 Kenya See Democratic Republic of the Congo–Kenya relations
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Nairobi.
  • Kenya has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Madagascar 26 July 1974 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 July 1974[5]
 Mauritius 19 June 1976 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 June 1976[6]
 Mozambique 30 July 1976 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 July 1976[7]
 Namibia 4 October 1990 See Democratic Republic of the Congo-Namibia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 October 1990.[8]

  • DR Congo has an embassy in Windhoek.
  • Namibia has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Nigeria
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Abuja.
  • Nigeria has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Rwanda

Rwandan President Paul Kagame met with the Democratic Republic of the Congo's President Joseph Kabila in Goma on 6 August 2009.[9] It was the first presidential meeting between the two countries for 13 years,[10] with the two countries having come to a disagreement in 1996 following an invasion by Rwanda into eastern Congo, a disagreement which was renewed in 1998 after a further invasion.[9] The pair of presidents spent more than two hours in the company of each other and "reviewed all issues of common interest".[9] Kabila referred to it as "the first giant step forward" in what was referred to as an "all new era".[10] One month previous to the meeting both countries had appointed ambassadors to each other's capitals.[9][10]

In August 2013, Rwanda accused Congolese forces of persistently shelling Congo's territory after a flare-up of fighting in the eastern Congo.[11]

  • DR Congo has an embassy in Kigali.
  • Rwanda has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Senegal
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Dakar.
  • Senegal has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Sierra Leone 20 January 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 January 1975[12]
 South Africa 30 September 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 September 1992[13]
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Pretoria.
  • South Africa has an embassy in Kinshasa and a consulate-general in Lubumbashi.
 Tanzania 30 May 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 May 1964 when Andrew Tibandebage is appointed as Ambassador of Tanganyika to Congo (Leopoldville)[14]
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Dar es Salaam and a consulate-general in Kigoma.
  • Tanzania has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Uganda 4 March 1963 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 March 1963[15]
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Kampala.
  • Uganda has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Zambia 24 October 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on Zambia's independence 24 October 1964, when Democratic Republic of the Congo has raised its consulate-general in Lusaka to embassy level, and consul Mabita has been promoted to chargé d'affaires[16]
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Lusaka.
  • Zambia has an embassy in Kinshasa.

Americas

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Argentina 4 October 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 October 1972[17]
  • Argentina is accredited to the DR Congo from its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Buenos Aires.
 Brazil 31 October 1968 See Brazil–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 October 1968[18]

  • Brazil has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Brasilia.
 Canada 12 June 1962 See Canada–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 June 1962[19] Canada and the D.R. Congo share full membership in Francophonie. Canada was the D.R. Congo's ninth-largest country donor of official development assistance over 1960–2009, disbursing a total of US$0.89 billion in constant 2008 US dollars, or 2.4% of DRC's total bilateral aid receipts.[20] In 2009, Cdn.$3.3 billion in assets were held by thirteen large-scale and junior Canadian mining companies in the DRC, a ten-fold increase from 2001.[21]

  • Canada has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Ottawa.
 Cuba 15 April 1974 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 April 1974[22]
  • Cuba has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Havana.
 Ecuador 29 February 1980 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 February 1980[23]
 Haiti 1 October 1986 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1986[24]
 Mexico 31 July 1975 See Democratic Republic of the Congo–Mexico relations

Both nations established diplomatic relations on 31 July 1975[25]

  • DR Congo does not have an accreditation to Mexico.
  • Mexico is accredited to DR Congo from its embassy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.[26]
 Nicaragua 16 April 1987 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 April 1987.[27]
 Peru 3 August 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 August 1975.[28]
 United States 30 June 1960 See Democratic Republic of the Congo-United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 June 1960[29]

The United States appointed its current ambassador to the D.R.C. in 2007. The D.R.C. appointed its current ambassador to the United States in 2000. The Congo has been on the State Department's travel advisory list since 1977.

 Uruguay 31 April 1984

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 April 1984[32]

In December 2021, President Luis Lacalle Pou paid a visit to Bukavu and Goma and visited with Uruguayan soldiers stationed there as part of MONUSCO in Eastern DR Congo.[33]

  • DR Congo is accredited to Uruguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  • Uruguay is accredited to the DR Congo from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
 Venezuela 3 May 2005 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 May 2005[34]

Asia

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Armenia 11 October 2015

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 October 2015[35]

 Azerbaijan 23 September 2011 See Azerbaijan-Democratic Republic of the Congo relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 September 2011[36]

 China 24 November 1972 See China-Democratic Republic of the Congo relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 November 1972[37]

China is a large investor in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, primarily in the secondary (manufacturing) and primary (resource extraction) markets.

  • China has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Beijing.
 India See Democratic Republic of the Congo–India relations
 Iran 11 February 1973 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 February 1973 and Embassy of Iran in Kinshasa open in November 1973[40]
 Israel
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Tel Aviv.
  • Israel has a Honorary Consulate in Kinshasa.
 Japan
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Tokyo.
  • Japan has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Jordan 16 September 2002 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 September 2002[41]
 Kuwait 27 November 1990 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 November 1990[42]
 Lebanon
  • DR Congo is accredited to Lebanon from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 South Korea 1 April 1963

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 April 1963[43]

  • DR Congo has an embassy in Seoul.
  • South Korea has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Turkey 22 October 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 October 1975[44]

Europe

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Belgium See Belgium–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations
 France 30 June 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 June 1960[48]
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Paris.
  • France has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Germany 30 June 1960 See Democratic Republic of the Congo–Germany relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 June 1960[49]

  • DR Congo has an embassy in Berlin.
  • Germany has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Greece 15 June 1966 See Democratic Republic of the Congo–Greece relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 June 1966 when Ambassador of Democratic Republic of Congo to Greece M. Joseph Kahamba , presented his credentials to King Constantin.[50]

Both countries are full members of Francophonie. In July 2009, the Greek government pledged US$500,000 through the UN High Commissioner for Refugees for humanitarian assistance to Congo.[51]

  • DR Congo has an embassy in Athens.
  • Greece has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Italy 21 July 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 July 1960 when accredited first Ambassador of Italy to Congo (Leopoldville) Mr. Pietro Franca[52]
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Rome.
  • Italy has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Luxembourg 7 September 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 September 1965[53]
 Netherlands
  • DR Congo has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Norway 27 September 1969 See Democratic Republic of the Congo–Norway relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 1969[54]

  • DR Congo is accredited to Norway from its embassy in London, United Kingdom.
  • Norway is accredited to the DR Congo from its embassy in Luanda, Angola.
 Poland
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland is accredited to the DR Congo from its embassy in Luanda, Angola.
 Portugal
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Russia See Democratic Republic of the Congo–Russia relations
 Serbia 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1961[56]
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Spain 3 November 1964 See Democratic Republic of the Congo–Spain relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 November 1964[57]

  • DR Congo has an embassy in Madrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Sweden
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  Switzerland 12 October 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 October 1962 when appointed first Chargé d'Affaires a.i. of Switzerland to Republic of Congo (Leopoldville) Mr. Paul Etienne Jaccaud[58]
 Ukraine 13 April 1999 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 April 1999[59]
 United Kingdom 7 July 1960 See Democratic Republic of the Congo–United Kingdom relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 July 1960 when Mr. Ian Dixon Scott, Consul-General of United Kingdom in Leopoldville has been appointed as the first British Ambassador to the Congo-Leopoldville.[60]

  • DR Congo has an embassy in London.
  • United Kingdom has an embassy in Kinshasa.

See also

References

  1. ^ Translations on People's Republic of China - Issues 448-458 - Page 31. Joint Publications Research Service. August 1978.
  2. ^ Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 121-125. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1965. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  3. ^ Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1970. p. 1636.
  4. ^ Année africaine (in French). Éditions A. Pedone. 1975. p. 479.
  5. ^ Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa Issues 1497-1511. United States. Joint Publications Research Service. 1974. p. 36. Retrieved 26 April 2023.
  6. ^ Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa Issues 1671-1683. United States. Joint Publications Research Service · 1976. 1976. p. 46.
  7. ^ People's Power in Mozambique, Angola, and Guinea-Bissau. Mozambique, Angola, and Guiné Information Centre. 1977. p. 20.
  8. ^ Marchés tropicaux et méditerranéens - Issues 2343-2355 (in French). Rene Moreaux et Cie. 1990. p. 2854.
  9. ^ a b c d "Kagame and Kabila restore ties". IOL. 2009-08-07. Retrieved 2009-08-10.
  10. ^ a b c "'New era' for DR Congo and Rwanda". BBC. 2009-08-06. Retrieved 2009-08-10.
  11. ^ Jenny Clover (29 August 2013). "Rwanda says Congolese forces shelling its territory". Reuters.
  12. ^ West Africa - Volume 29, Part 1. Afrimedia International. 1975. p. 85.
  13. ^ "Bilateral Relations (country profiles listed alphabetically)". dirco.gov.za. Retrieved 26 April 2023.
  14. ^ Southern African Political History A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997. Greenwood Press. 1999. p. 576.
  15. ^ Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 43-44. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1963. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  16. ^ Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 211-212. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1964. p. 4. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  17. ^ "Comunicado Conjunto Estableciendo Relaciones Diplomáticas entre la República Argentina y el Consejo Directivo Nacional de la República de Zaire". tratados.cancilleria.gob.ar (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  18. ^ Documentos de política externa Volumes 1-4 (in Portuguese). Brazil. Ministério das Relações Exteriores, Brazil. Secretaria Geral Adjunta para o Planejamento Político. 1967. p. 23. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  19. ^ "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Canadian Global Affairs Institute. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  20. ^ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. "Aggregate Aid Statistics: ODA by recipient by country", OECD International Development Statistics (database). doi:10.1787/data-00061-en (accessed March 12, 2011).
  21. ^ Miron, Michel. 2010. "Africa: Cumulative Canadian Mining Assets" (calculated at acquisition, construction or fabricating costs, and includes capitalized exploration and development costs, non-controlling interests, and excludes liquid assets, cumulative depreciation, and write-off), Minerals and Metals Sector, Department of Natural Resources Canada, internal document.
  22. ^ "Cuba y la República Democrática del Congo celebran hoy el 49 aniversario del establecimiento de las relaciones diplomáticas". Cancillería de Cuba (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  23. ^ "Diplomatic relations between Zaire and Ecuador as of 29 Feb. 1980". digitallibrary.un.org. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  24. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Democratic Republic of the Congo and Haiti as of 1 Oct. 1986". digitallibrary.un.org. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  25. ^ "Comisiones unidas de relaciones exteriores y de relaciones exteriores, Africa" (PDF). infosen.senado.gob.mx (in Spanish). p. 12. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  26. ^ "Embajada de México en Etiopía". embamex.sre.gob.mx (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2017-07-20.
  27. ^ Political Events Annual. Sterling Publishers. 1989. p. 516.
  28. ^ Laurent Klein, Brigitte Klein. "Chronologie des faits internationaux d'ordre juridique — 1975". persee.fr (in French). p. 1118. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
  29. ^ "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Democratic Republic of the Congo". history.state.gov. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  30. ^ "République Démocratique du Congo |". ambardcusa.org. Retrieved 2017-07-20.
  31. ^ "U.S. Embassy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo". U.S. Embassy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 2017-07-20.
  32. ^ "La Política Exterior de Uruguay hacia los países africanos durante los gobiernos del Frente Amplio (2005-2017): construcción de nuevas relaciones Sur-Sur?" (PDF) (in Spanish). 2019. p. 235/296. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  33. ^ Presidente uruguayo pasa Navidad con los cascos azules de su país en RDC (in Spanish)
  34. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Democratic Republic of the Congo and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) as of 3 May 2005". digitallibrary.un.org. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  35. ^ "Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  36. ^ "The Democratic Republic of the Congo". Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  37. ^ "Congo (DRC)". china.org.cn. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
  38. ^ "Democratic Republic of the Congo Embassy in India". embassypages.com. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  39. ^ "MEA - Indian Missions Abroad - Indian Mission". mea.gov.in. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  40. ^ "RDC-Iran : les deux Etats célèbrent leur 51ème année des relations diplomatiques". zoom-eco.net (in French). Retrieved 23 June 2023.
  41. ^ "Jordan, Congo agree to establish diplomatic relations, economic cooperation". Kuwait News Agency (KUNA). 17 September 2002. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  42. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Democratic Republic of the Congo and Kuwait as of 27 Nov. 1990". digitallibrary.un.org. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  43. ^ "Overview". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Korea. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  44. ^ Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 5021-5096. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1975. p. 8.
  45. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and the Democratic Republic of Congo".
  46. ^ "La Belgique en République Démocratique du Congo | Taalkeuze | Choix de langue | Sprachauswahl | Language Choice". countries.diplomatie.belgium.be. Retrieved 2017-07-20.
  47. ^ "Bienvenue sur le site de l'Ambassade de RD Congo à Bruxelles". Site Officiel de l'Ambassade de la RDCONGO près le Benelux et de l'Union Européenne. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  48. ^ "Liste chronologique des ambassadeurs,envoyes extraordinaires, ministres plenipotentiaires et charges d'affaires de France a l'etranger depuis 1945" (PDF). diplomatie.gouv.fr (in French). p. 18/86. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  49. ^ "Germany and Democratic Republic of the Congo: Bilateral relations". Federal Foreign Office. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  50. ^ Année africaine (in French). Éditions A. Pedone. 1966. p. 237.
  51. ^ "Greece sends aid to Congo". Archived from the original on 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2009-07-24.
  52. ^ Relazioni internazionali, Volume 26 (in Italian). Istituto per gli studi di politica internazionale. 1962. p. 758.
  53. ^ "Bulletin de documentation_1965_12" (PDF). sip.gouvernement.lu (in French). p. 29. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  54. ^ "Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater" (PDF). regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). April 27, 1999. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  55. ^ "Embassy of the Russian Federation in Kinshasa". Archived from the original on 2009-08-21. Retrieved 2009-07-24.
  56. ^ "Congo, Democratic Republic". mfa.gov.rs. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  57. ^ "Relaciones diplomáticas del Estado Espaniol" (in Spanish). p. 307. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  58. ^ "Schweizerische Botschaft in Kinshasa (1962...)". dodis.ch (in German). Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  59. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Democratic Republic of the Congo and Ukraine as of 13 Apr. 1999". digitallibrary.un.org. 13 April 1999. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  60. ^ East Africa and Rhodesia - Volume 36. Africana. 1960. p. 1070.
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