Volkswagen air-cooled engine
Volkswagen Boxer Engine | |
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Overview | |
Manufacturer | Volkswagen |
Production | 1936–2006 |
Layout | |
Configuration | Flat-4 naturally aspirated petrol engine |
Displacement | 1.0 L (985 cc) 1.1 L (1,131 cc) 1.2 L (1,192 cc) 1.3 L (1,285 cc) 1.5 L (1,493 cc) 1.6 L (1,584 cc) 1.7 L (1,679 cc) 1.8 L (1,795 cc) 2.0 L (1,971 cc) |
Cylinder bore | 70 mm (2.76 in) 75 mm (2.95 in) 77 mm (3.03 in) 83 mm (3.27 in) 85.5 mm (3.37 in) 90 mm (3.54 in) 93 mm (3.66 in) 94 mm (3.70 in) |
Piston stroke | 64 mm (2.52 in) 69 mm (2.72 in) 66 mm (2.60 in) 71 mm (2.80 in) |
Chronology | |
Successor | Volkswagen Wasserboxer engine |
The Volkswagen air-cooled engine is an air-cooled, gasoline-fuelled, boxer engine with four horizontally opposed cast-iron cylinders, cast aluminum alloy cylinder heads and pistons, magnesium-alloy crankcase, and forged steel crankshaft and connecting rods.
There are two distinct families/variations of the aircooled engine namely Type 1 and Type 4. The Type 3 engine is a variation of the Type 1 engine with pancake cooling arrangement.
Variations of the engine were produced by Volkswagen plants worldwide from 1936 until 2006 for use in Volkswagen's own vehicles, notably the Type 1 (Beetle), Type 2 (bus, transporter), Type 3, and Type 4. Additionally, the engines were widely used in industrial, light aircraft and kit car applications.
Type 1: 1.0–1.6 litres
[edit]1200
[edit]Volkswagen Typ 1200[1] | |
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Overview | |
Also called | 1200 Engine |
Production | 1950–1991 |
Layout | |
Displacement | 1,192 cc (72.7 cu in) |
Cylinder bore | 77 mm (3.03 in) |
Piston stroke | 64 mm (2.52 in) |
Compression ratio | 7.0:1 – 7.3:1 |
Combustion | |
Fuel system | Carburettor Solex 28 PCI or Solex 28 PICT |
Fuel type | Carburettor fuel 86 RON (7:1 compression ratio) 87 RON (7,3:1 compression ratio) |
Output | |
Power output | 22 kW (30 PS; 30 bhp) 25 kW (34 PS; 34 bhp) 27 kW (37 PS; 36 bhp) 30 kW (41 PS; 40 bhp) |
Specific power | 18.5–21.0 kW (25–29 PS; 25–28 bhp) / L |
Torque output | depending on engine application, around ~70–80 N·m |
The 1.2-litre engine is called Typ 122 and has a displacement of 1,192 cc (72.7 cu in).[1] As industrial engine, its rated power is 22.8 kW (31 PS; 31 bhp) at 3000 min−1 without a governor, the highest torque 81.4 N⋅m (60 lbf⋅ft) at 2000 min−1. With a governor set to 8% accuracy, the rated power is 21.33 kW (29 bhp; 29 PS) at 3000 min−1, the highest torque is 69.63 N⋅m (51 lbf⋅ft) at 2000 min−1.[2] For other applications, the power and torque output may vary, e.g. On the Beetle produced 41 PS (40 bhp; 30 kW) at 3900 rpm and 88 N⋅m (65 lbf⋅ft) of torque at 2400 rpm.[3]
Type 4: 1.7–2.0 litres
[edit]From 1968 to 1983, the Type 4 engine was produced in 1.7, 1.8 and 2.0 litre variants.[4]
Other applications
[edit]Beginning in 1987, Dunn-Right Incorporated of Anderson, South Carolina has made a kit to perform the conversion of a VW engine to a compressor.[5]
Industrial
[edit]Volkswagen AG has officially offered these air-cooled boxer engines for use in industrial applications since 1950, lately under its Volkswagen Industrial Motor brand. Available in 18 kilowatts (24 PS; 24 bhp), 22 kilowatts (30 PS; 30 bhp), 25 kilowatts (34 PS; 34 bhp), 31 kilowatts (42 PS; 42 bhp), 33 kilowatts (45 PS; 44 bhp) and 46 kilowatts (63 PS; 62 bhp) outputs, from displacements of 1.2 litres (73 cu in) to 1.8 litres (110 cu in), these Industrial air-cooled engines were officially discontinued in 1991.[citation needed]
Aircraft
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/AeroConversions_AeroVee_Engine.jpg/220px-AeroConversions_AeroVee_Engine.jpg)
The air-cooled opposed four-cylinder Beetle engines have been used for other purposes as well. Limbach Flugmotoren has since 1970 produced more than 6000 certified aircraft engines based on the Beetle engine.[6][7][8][9] Sauer has since 1987 produced certified engines for small airplanes and motorgliders,[10] and is now also producing engines for the ultralight community in Europe.[11][12]
Especially interesting is its use as an experimental aircraft engine. This type of VW engine deployment started separately in Europe and in the US. In Europe this started in France straight after the Second World War using the engine in the Volkswagen Kübelwagen that were abandoned by the thousands in the country side[13] and peaked with the JPX engine.[14] In the US this started in the 1960s when VW Beetle started to show up there.[13] A number of companies still produce aero engines that are Volkswagen Beetle engine derivatives: Limbach, Sauer, Hapi, Revmaster, Great Plains Type 1 Front Drive, Hummel, the AeroConversions AeroVee Engine, and others. Kit planes or plans built experimental aircraft were specifically designed to utilize these engines. The VW air-cooled engine does not require an expensive and often complex gear reduction unit to utilize a propeller at efficient cruise RPM. With its relative low cost and parts availability, many experimental aircraft are designed around the VW engines.[15][16]
Formula V Air Racing uses aircraft designed to get maximum performance out of a VW powered aircraft resulting in race speeds above 160 mph.[17]
Some aircraft that use the VW engine are:
- Aerosport Quail
- Airdrome Bleriot Model XI
- Airdrome Dream Fantasy Twin
- Airdrome Fokker DR-1
- Airdrome Fokker D-VI
- Airdrome Fokker D-VII
- Airdrome Fokker D-VIII
- Airdrome Nieuport 11
- Airdrome Nieuport 24
- Airdrome Taube
- AirLony Skylane
- Airmotive EOS 001
- Akaflieg München Mü23 Saurier
- Altair Coelho AC-11
- Alvarez Polliwagen
- Aurore MB 04 Souris Bulle
- Bensen B-8
- BK Fliers BK-1
- Bounsall Super Prospector
- Boyd G.B.1
- Bradley Aerobat
- Cassutt Special
- Circa Reproductions Nieuport 11
- Circa Reproductions Nieuport 17
- Corby Starlet
- Denney Kitfox
- Druine Turbulent
- Evans VP-1 Volksplane
- Evans VP-2 Volksplane
- Falconar F9A
- Falconar F11 Sporty
- Fisher Avenger V
- Fisher Youngster
- Flaglor Sky Scooter
- Flitzer Z-21
- Great Plains Easy Eagle
- Grob G 109
- Harmon Der Donnerschlag
- Harmon Mister America
- Hummel H5
- Hummel Ultracruiser Plus
- JDT Hi-MAX
- JPM 01 Médoc
- Junqua Ibis
- Just Superstol
- Mignet Pou-du-Ciel
- Mini-Hawk Tiger-Hawk
- JDT V-MAX
- Kolb M3X
- Leger Pataplume 1
- Light Miniature Aircraft LM-5
- Milholland Legal Eagle – half VW and full Type 1 VW engines
- Mini Coupe
- Monnett Sonerai
- Nicollier Menestrel
- Parker Jeanie's Teenie
- Parrish Dart
- Pazmany PL-4A
- Plumb BGP-1
- Pober Pixie
- Pottier P.40
- Pottier P.130 Coccinelle
- Preceptor STOL King
- Preceptor Ultra Pup
- Preceptor Stinger
- QAC Quickie Q2
- RagWing RW1 Ultra-Piet – half VW and full Type 1 VW engines
- RagWing RW7 Duster – half VW and full Type 1 VW engines
- Rand Robinson KR-1
- Rand Robinson KR-2S
- Scheibe Falke
- Sisler SF-2A Cygnet
- Sonex Aircraft Onex
- Sonex Aircraft Sonex
- Southern Aeronautical Renegade
- Southern Aeronautical Scamp
- Stewart Headwind
- Stolp SA-500 Starlet
- Taiwan Dancer TD-3
- Tervamäki ATE-3
- Tipsy Nipper
- Taylor Monoplane
- Thatcher CX4
- Vidor Champion V
- Viking Dragonfly
- Zenair CH 100
Half VW
[edit]For aircraft use, a number of experimenters, who were seeking a small, two-cylinder, four-stroke engine, began cutting Type 1 VW engine blocks in half, creating a two-cylinder, horizontally opposed engine. The resulting engine produces 30 to 38 hp (22 to 28 kW). Plans and kits have been made available for these conversions.[18][19]
One such conversion is the Carr Twin, designed by Dave Carr, introduced in January 1975, in the Experimental Aircraft Association's Sport Aviation magazine. The design won the John Livingston Award for its outstanding contribution to low cost flying and also was awarded the Stan Dzik Memorial Award for outstanding design.[19]
Other examples include the Total Engine Concepts MM CB-40 and Better Half VW.
Some aircraft that use the Half VW engine are:
- Belite Ultra Cub
- Duane's Hangar Ultrababy
- Hummel Bird
- Hummel Ultracruiser
- Milholland Legal Eagle – half VW and full Type 1 VW engines
- Pop's Props Pinocchio
- Preceptor N3 Pup
- RagWing RW1 Ultra-Piet – half VW and full Type 1 VW engines
- RagWing RW4 Midwing Sport
- RagWing RW7 Duster – half VW and full Type 1 VW engines
- Spacek SD-1 Minisport
- Ultravia Pelican
References
[edit]- ^ a b Die Betriebsanleitung für den Volkswagen-Industriemotor Typ 122, Typ 126A. Volkswagen AG. Wolfsburg. March 1985. Page 29
- ^ Änderungen nach August 1965. Nachtrag zur Betriebsanleitung des Industriemotors. August 1966
- ^ "1963 Volkswagen Beetle Technical Specifications and Dimensions". conceptcarz. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
- ^ "VW Type 4 engine (1968-1983)". motor-car.net. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
- ^ "Dunn-Right Incorporated". Dunn-Right Incorporated. n.d. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
- ^ [1], Limbach L2400
- ^ [2], Limbach L2000
- ^ [3], Limbach L1700
- ^ Limbach, Limbach Aero Engines
- ^ Carat motorglider, Carat motorglider.
- ^ Sauer Flugmotorenbau, Sauer Flugmotorenbau.
- ^ Sauer in Groppo Archived 16 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Sauer in Groppo.
- ^ a b EAA Webinar John Monnett, John Monnett.
- ^ JPX, JPX
- ^ "In North Kitsap, Turning Old Cars into New Planes". Kitsap Sun. 29 November 2009.
- ^ Great Plans Aircraft Newsletter, Issue 3, 2010.
- ^ Formula V Air Racing
- ^ Millholland, L. E., and Graeme Gibson (November 2002). "The Better Half VW Engine – Engine Detail". Retrieved 26 May 2010.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Great Plains Aircraft Supply Co., Inc. (n.d.). "0058 / Carr Twin Plans". Retrieved 16 February 2022.
- "The Evolution of the Beetle". Exklusively Käfer Kabrioletts. Beetle.Cabriolets.online.fr. Retrieved 16 January 2010.