Apologies to Indigenous peoples

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Apology to Australia's Indigenous people from the Prime Minister

Apologies to Indigenous peoples refer to apologies extended by political leaders or representatives, acting on behalf of a political entity or nation, to acknowledge and express remorse for some historical wrong.

Background[edit]

During the era of colonization, European empires colonized territories inhabited by Indigenous peoples and the colonies created new countries that would contain Indigenous peoples within their new political borders.[5] In such processes, there were a series of atrocious crimes against Indigenous populations. Given that the dominant group has held political and economic power, these facts had not been officially investigated and recognized.[9][10]

During colonialism, many Western officials have expressed concerns, enacted laws to protect Indigenous peoples, and have punished a few colonial agents for some of their colonial atrocities.[11] Widely known examples are the Laws of Burgos and the New Laws in the Spanish Empire, which were poorly implemented.[12] On occasion, some Indigenous government agencies committed atrocities, as is the case of the Indian Protection Service in Brazil as described in the Figueiredo Report,[13][14] or the Office of Indigenous Affairs in the United States, who acknowledged its systemic shortcomings.[15]

Indigenous groups have publicly requested apologies from a number of states and Christian churches for their historical or contemporary role in atrocities committed against Indigenous peoples.[16][17][18] No country has ever voluntarily acknowledged committing genocide.[19]

In 2023 Indigenous leaders from Antigua and Barbuda, Aotearoa (New Zealand), Australia, the Bahamas, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines issued an open letter. The signed letter requests King Charles III to acknowledge at his coronation the "horrific impacts" of colonization.[20][21][22]

Apologies to Indigenous peoples[edit]

Government apologies to Indigenous peoples[edit]

In recent decades governments have acknowledged past atrocities or apologized for the policies of previous governments.[23] In their apologies, some state officials do not always agree with scholarly characterization of the atrocities.[24][25]

From To Scope Year of apology Reference(s)
Germany Herero and Nama Herero and Namaqua genocide, 1904-7 2021 [26]
Argentina Toba and Moqoit Napalpí massacre, 1924 2022 [27]
Australia Indigenous peoples Stolen generations, 1905-1970s 2008 [28] [29][30][31]
Belgium Belgian Congo Colonial abuse 2020 [32] [33] [34] [35]
Canada Indigenous peoples Canadian Indian residential school system, 1867-1998 2008, 2017 [36] [37] [38][39]
California Indigenous peoples California genocide, 1846-1873 2019 [40] [41]
Catalonia Indigenous peoples Colonial abuse in Mexican conquest 2019 [42][43]
Chile Mapuche Colonial abuse 2017 [36][44]
United States Indigenous peoples Violence, abuse and negligence 2000, 2010 [36] [45] [46]
United States Native Hawaiians Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom, 1893 1993 [47] [48][49]
United States Guatemala Role in Guatemalan Civil War in support for military government, 1960-96 1999 [50]
United Kingdom Tainui Land appropriation and invasion 1995 [51]
United Kingdom Kĩkũyũ Colonial abuse 2013 [52]
Mexico Maya peoples Historical injustice and contemporary discrimination 2021 [53][54]
Mexico Yaqui Marginalization, injustice and abuse 2021 [55][56]
Norway Sámi Norwegianization (forced assimilation) 1997 [57]
New Zealand Moriori Expropriation, slavery, and treaty breaking 2020 [36] [58] [59]
Netherlands Indonesia Excessive violence, 1945-1949 2020 [60] [61] [62]
El Salvador Indigenous peoples Oppression and extermination 2010 [36][63]
The apology plaque in Kalinga, Queensland, containing the key words from Kevin Rudd's 2008 speech to the Australian Parliament.

Apologies from religious institutions[edit]

Pope Francis apologized for the Catholic Church's role in colonization and for "crimes committed against the native peoples during the so-called conquest of America".[64] He has also apologized for the Church's role in the operation of residential schools in Canada,[65] qualifying it as genocide.[66] In 2023, the Vatican rejected the Doctrine of Discovery.[67][68]

In 2022 Justin Welby, the Primate of the Church of England, apologized to the Indigenous peoples in Canada for the role of the church in the Canadian Indian residential school system,[69] adding to similar apologies by other churches in Canada such as the Anglican Church of Canada.[70][71]

Other apologies[edit]

Scouts Canada has issued an apology for "its role in the eradication of First Nation, Inuit and Métis people for more than a century".[72]

In 2016 the Australian Psychological Society apologized to Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders.[73] In 2023, the American Psychological Association issued an offer of apology to First Peoples for more than a century of harmful practices.[74][75]

Criticism of the apologies[edit]

Professor Alice MacLachlan has criticized the apologies of the Australian and Canadian governments as they have apologized for specific policies, "avoiding the broader question of apologizing for a much longer history of genocidal appropriation and displacement."[76] Francesca Dominello has said official apologies from Canada and Australia have done little to change the status quo for Indigenous peoples.[77]

Indigenous historian Gary Foley has criticized the Australian government's apology for the Stolen Generations, as there is lack of compensation.[78]

See also[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

  • Bentley, Tom. (2018). Colonial apologies and the problem of the transgressor speaking, Third World Quarterly, 39:3, 399-417, doi:10.1080/01436597.2017.1401922
  • Corntassel, Jeff; Holder, Cindy. (2008). Who’s Sorry Now? Government Apologies, Truth Commissions, and Indigenous Self-Determination in Australia, Canada, Guatemala, and Peru. Human Rights Rev 9, Pages 465–489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-008-0065-3.
  • Organick, A. G. (2019). Non-Apology in the Age of Apology. Denning LJ, 31, 149.
  • Short, D. (2012). When sorry isn’t good enough: Official remembrance and reconciliation in Australia. Memory Studies, 5(3), 293-304.
  • Rothermund, D. (2011). The Self-consciousness of Post-imperial Nations: A cross-national Comparison. India Quarterly, 67(1), 1–18.
  • Tager, Michael. (2014). Apologies to Indigenous Peoples in comparative perspective. The International Indigenous Policy Journal, 5(4).

References[edit]

  1. ^ Jones, Adam (2010). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. Routledge. pp. 208, 230, 791–793. ISBN 978-1-136-93797-2.
  2. ^ "Indian Tribes and Resources for Native Americans". United States Government. Archived from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-29. The U.S. government officially recognizes 574 Indian tribes in the contiguous 48 states and Alaska.
  3. ^ Totten, Samuel; Hitchcock, Robert K. (2011). Genocide of Indigenous Peoples: A Critical Bibliographic Review. Transaction Publishers. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-4128-4455-0. In Asia, for example, only one country, the Philippines, has officially adopted the term "Indigenous peoples," and established a law specifically to protect Indigenous peoples' rights. Only two countries in Africa, Burundi and Cameroon, have statements about the rights of Indigenous peoples in their constitutions.
  4. ^ Sengar, Bina; Adjoumani, A. Mia Elise (2023-03-07). Indigenous Societies in the Post-colonial World: Responses and Resilience Through Global Perspectives. Springer Nature. p. 318. ISBN 978-981-19-8722-9. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023. Indigenous populations are communities that live within, or are attached to, geographically distinct traditional habitats or ancestral territories, and who identify themselves as being part of a distinct cultural group, descended from groups present in the area before modern states were created and current borders defined. They generally maintain cultural and social identities, and social, economic, cultural and political institutions, separate from the mainstream or dominant society or culture.
  5. ^ [1][2][3][4]
  6. ^ Englert, Sai (November 2020). "Settlers, Workers, and the Logic of Accumulation by Dispossession". Antipode. 52 (6): 1647–1666. Bibcode:2020Antip..52.1647E. doi:10.1111/anti.12659. hdl:1887/3220822. S2CID 225643194.
  7. ^ Adhikari, Mohamed (2017-01-02). "Europe's First Settler Colonial Incursion into Africa: The Genocide of Aboriginal Canary Islanders". African Historical Review. 49 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1080/17532523.2017.1336863. ISSN 1753-2523. S2CID 165086773.
  8. ^ Adhikari, Mohamed (2022). Destroying to Replace: Settler Genocides of Indigenous Peoples. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company. pp. 1–32. ISBN 978-1-64792-054-8.
  9. ^ [6][7][8]
  10. ^ Fontaine, Theodore (2014). Woolford, Andrew; Benvenuto, Jeff; Hinton, Alexander Laban (eds.). Colonial Genocide in Indigenous North America. Duke University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv11sn770. ISBN 978-0-8223-5763-6. JSTOR j.ctv11sn770. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023. "From Lemarchand's volume, it is clear that what is remembered and what is not remembered is a political choice, producing a dominant narrative that reflects the victor's version of history while silencing dissenting voices. Building on a critical genocide studies approach, this volume seeks to contribute to this conversation by critically examining cases of genocide that have been "hidden" politically, socially, culturally, or historically in accordance with broader systems of political and social power". (p2) ...the U.S. government, for most of its existence, stated openly and frequently that its policy was to destroy Native American ways of life through forced integration, forced removal, and death. An 1881 report of the U.S. commissioner of Indian Affairs on the "Indian question" is indicative of the decades- long policy: "There is no one who has been a close observer of Indian history and the effect of contact of Indians with civilization who is not well satisfied that one of two things must eventually take place, to wit, either civilization or extermination of the Indian. Savage and civilized life cannot live and prosper on the same ground. One of the two must die." (p3) "As such it is important for the peoples of the United States and Canada to recognize their shared legacies of genocide, which have too often been hidden, ignored, forgotten, or outright denied." (p3) "After all, much of North America was swindled from Indigenous peoples through the mythical but still powerful Doctrine of Discovery, the perceived right of conquest, and deceitful treaties. Restitution for colonial genocide would thus entail returning stolen territories". (p9) "Thankfully a new generation of genocide scholarship is moving beyond these timeworn and irreconcilable divisions." (p11)"Variations of the Modoc ordeal occurred elsewhere during the conquest and colonization of Africa, Asia, Australia, and North and South America. Indigenous civilizations repeatedly resisted invaders seeking to physically annihilate them in whole or in part. Many of these catastrophes are known as wars. Yet by carefully examining the intentions and actions of colonizers and their advocates it is possible to reinterpret some of these cataclysms as both genocides and wars of resistance. The Modoc case is one of them" (p120). "Memory, remembering, forgetting, and denial are inseparable and critical junctures in the study and examination of genocide. Absence or suppression of memories is not merely a lack of acknowledgment of individual or collective experiences but can also be considered denial of a genocidal crime (p150). Erasure of historical memory and modification of historical narrative influence the perception of genocide. If it is possible to avoid conceptually blocking colonial genocides for a moment, we can consider denial in a colonial context. Perpetrators initiate and perpetuate denial" (p160).
  11. ^ Nettelbeck, Amanda (2019-03-28). Indigenous Rights and Colonial Subjecthood: Protection and Reform in the Nineteenth-Century British Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3, 195–196. ISBN 978-1-108-47175-6.
  12. ^ Sánchez-Arcilla Bernal, José (2021-09-17). "Las Leyes de Burgos de 1512: una falacia de los Derechos Humanos. Revisión historiográfica". Cuadernos de Historia del Derecho. 28: 41–90. doi:10.5209/cuhd.77969. ISSN 1988-2521. S2CID 240759142. Imposition of a new religion, uprooting from their lands and loss of ownership thereof, restriction of freedom of movement, acculturation... The 'Burgos Laws': a complete fallacy of human rights...
  13. ^ "Arsen und Zuckerstückchen". Der Spiegel (in German). 1968-03-24. ISSN 2195-1349. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  14. ^ Watts, Jonathan; Rocha, Jan (2013-05-29). "Brazil's 'lost report' into genocide surfaces after 40 years". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  15. ^ Buck, Christopher (2006). ""Never Again": Kevin Gover's Apology for the Bureau of Indian Affairs". Wíčazo Ša Review. 21 (1): 97–126. doi:10.1353/wic.2006.0002. ISSN 0749-6427. JSTOR 4140301. S2CID 159489841.
  16. ^ Zaru, Deena. "Pope Francis apologizes to Indigenous community in Canada over church's role in boarding school abuse". ABC News. Retrieved 2023-11-30.
  17. ^ Cineas, Fabiola (17 January 2023). "New Zealand's Māori fought for reparations — and won". Vox. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  18. ^ MC, Ali. "Indigenous leaders demand apology, reparations from King Charles". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
  19. ^ Leach, Colin Wayne; Zeineddine, Fouad Bou; Čehajić - Clancy, Sabina (March 2013). "Moral Immemorial: The Rarity of Self-Criticism for Previous Generations' Genocide or Mass Violence". Journal of Social Issues. 69 (1): 34–53. doi:10.1111/josi.12002.
  20. ^ "Māori Party joins call for King Charles to own up to 'horrific impacts' of colonisation at coronation". NZ Herald. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
  21. ^ Butler, Josh (2023-05-03). "Commonwealth Indigenous leaders demand apology from the king for effects of colonisation". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
  22. ^ "Commonwealth representatives ask for reparations and apology ahead of coronation". The Independent. 2023-05-04. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
  23. ^ Blatz, Craig W.; Schumann, Karina; Ross, Michael (2009). "Government Apologies for Historical Injustices". Political Psychology. 30 (2): 219–241. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00689.x. JSTOR 25655387.
  24. ^ Davidson, Helen (22 September 2014). "John Howard: there was no genocide against Indigenous Australians". The Guardian. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  25. ^ Thompson, Janna (May 2009). "Apology, historical obligations and the ethics of memory". Memory Studies. 2 (2): 195–210. doi:10.1177/1750698008102052. S2CID 145294135.
  26. ^ "Germany apologizes for colonial-era genocide in Namibia". Reuters. 28 May 2021. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  27. ^ "Sentencia Napalpí". Argentina.gob.ar (in Spanish). 2023-03-27. Retrieved 2023-09-26.
  28. ^ "Official Australian Government Website – Sorry Day and the Stolen Generation". Australian Government. Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-21.
  29. ^ "'Keating told the truth': Stan Grant, Larissa Behrendt and others remember the Redfern speech 30 years on". The Guardian. 2022-12-09. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  30. ^ Lightfoot, Sheryl (2015). "Settler-State Apologies to Indigenous Peoples: A Normative Framework and Comparative Assessment". Native American and Indigenous Studies. 2 (1): 15–39. doi:10.5749/natiindistudj.2.1.0015. ISSN 2332-1261. JSTOR 10.5749/natiindistudj.2.1.0015. S2CID 156826767.
  31. ^ Barta, Tony (2008). "Sorry, and not sorry, in Australia: how the apology to the stolen generations buried a history of genocide". Journal of Genocide Research. 10 (2): 201–214. doi:10.1080/14623520802065438. ISSN 1462-3528. S2CID 73078524.
  32. ^ "Belgian king expresses 'deepest regrets' for wounds inflicted in Congo". euronews. 2022-06-08. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  33. ^ "Belgian king expresses regrets for colonial abuses". BBC News. 2020-06-30. Archived from the original on 30 Jun 2020. Retrieved 2020-07-02.
  34. ^ "Belgium apology for mixed-race kidnappings in colonial era". BBC News. 2019-04-04. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
  35. ^ Schreuer, Milan (2019-04-04). "Belgium Apologizes for Kidnapping Children From African Colonies". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
  36. ^ a b c d e Sheryl, Lightfoot. (2015). Settler-State Apologies to Indigenous Peoples: A Normative Framework and Comparative Assessment. Native American and Indigenous Studies, 2(1), 15–39.
  37. ^ "Text of Stephen Harper's residential schools apology". CTVNews. 2008-06-11. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  38. ^ "Trudeau apologizes to Newfoundland residential school survivors left out of 2008 apology, compensation". thestar.com. 2017-11-24. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  39. ^ "Trudeau says 'denialism' rising as nation marks holiday for indigenous reconciliation". Reuters. 2023-10-01. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
  40. ^ Cowan, Jill (2019-06-19). "'It's Called Genocide': Newsom Apologizes to the State's Native Americans". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
  41. ^ "Governor Newsom Issues Apology to Native Americans for State's Historical Wrongdoings, Establishes Truth and Healing Council". California Governor. 2019-06-18. Retrieved 2023-03-18.
  42. ^ EFE (2019-06-20). "El Gobierno catalán pide disculpas a los pueblos indígenas de México por la conquista". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Archived from the original on 21 Jun 2019. Retrieved 2024-01-29.
  43. ^ Staff, M. N. D. (2019-06-21). "Catalan region of Spain offers apology to indigenous peoples for conquest". Mexico News Daily. Retrieved 2024-01-29.
  44. ^ Montes, Rocío (2017-06-24). "Bachelet pide perdón a los mapuches "por los errores y horrores"". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
  45. ^ "A sorry saga: Obama signs Native American apology resolution; fails to draw attention to it | Indian Law Resource Center". indianlaw.org. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  46. ^ Gover, Kevin (2000). "Remarks of Kevin Gover, Assistant Secretary Indian Affairs: Address to Tribal Leaders". Journal of American Indian Education. 39 (2): 4–6. ISSN 0021-8731. JSTOR 24398427.
  47. ^ "Nations try saying, 'We're sorry'; Trend: Increasingly, leaders are apologizing for horrendous wrongs committed by earlier generations". Baltimore Sun. 2000-05-07. Archived from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 2023-10-30.
  48. ^ Trask, Haunani-Kay (2000). "Native Social Capital: The Case of Hawaiian Sovereignty and Ka Lahui Hawaii". Policy Sciences. 33 (3/4): 375–385. doi:10.1023/A:1004870517612. ISSN 0032-2687. JSTOR 4532510. S2CID 152872242.
  49. ^ "Jan. 17, 1893 | Hawaiian Monarchy Overthrown by America-Backed Businessmen". The Learning Network. 2012-01-17. Retrieved 2023-03-28. In 1993, Congress issued an apology to the people of Hawaii for the U.S. government's role in the overthrow and acknowledged that 'the native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty'.
  50. ^ Kettle, Martin; Lennard, Jeremy; Kettle, By Martin (1999-03-12). "Clinton apology to Guatemala". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
  51. ^ "The Queen says sorry to wronged Maoris". The Independent. 1995-11-02. Retrieved 2024-01-29.
  52. ^ Dixon, Robin (2013-06-06). "British government apologizes for colonial abuses in Kenya". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  53. ^ "Mexico marks end of last Indigenous revolt with apology". AP NEWS. 3 May 2021. Retrieved 2023-04-02.
  54. ^ "El histórico pedido de perdón de AMLO por los "terribles abusos" cometidos contra los mayas desde la Conquista española". BBC News Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-01-28.
  55. ^ EFE (2021-09-29). "El presidente de México pide perdón a los indígenas con la ausencia de España". Los Angeles Times en Español (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-01-28.
  56. ^ Demos, Editorial. "La Jornada - Pide AMLO perdón a pueblos yaquis por injusticias durante el porfiriato". www.jornada.com.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-01-28.
  57. ^ "King apologizes for minority repression". Chicago Tribune. 1997-10-08. Retrieved 2023-10-30.
  58. ^ Cineas, Fabiola (2023-01-17). "New Zealand's Māori fought for reparations — and won". Vox. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  59. ^ Roy, Eleanor Ainge; Jong, Eleanor de (2020-02-14). "After more than 150 years, New Zealand recognises 'extinct' Moriori people". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
  60. ^ "Dutch PM Mark Rutte apologises for country's role in the slave trade". euronews. 2022-12-19. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  61. ^ Magazine, Smithsonian; Nowakowski, Teresa. "Dutch King Apologizes for the Netherlands' Role in the Slave Trade". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
  62. ^ Boffey, Daniel (2022-02-17). "Dutch PM apologises for state's role in abuses in 1940s Indonesian war". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
  63. ^ "Presidente de El Salvador pide perdón a indígenas por persecución". La Nación (in Spanish). 2010-10-12. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
  64. ^ Yardley, Jim; Neuman, William (10 July 2015). "In Bolivia, Pope Francis Apologizes for Church's 'Grave Sins'". The New York Times.
  65. ^ "Pope apologizes for 'catastrophic' school policy in Canada". AP NEWS. 25 July 2022. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  66. ^ "Pope Francis: It was a genocide against indigenous peoples – Vatican News". www.vaticannews.va. 30 July 2022. Retrieved 2023-03-30. It's true, I didn't use the word because it didn't come to my mind, but I described the genocide and asked for forgiveness, pardon for this activity that is genocidal. For example, I condemned this too: taking away children, changing culture, changing mentality, changing traditions, changing a race, let's put it that way, an entire culture. Yes, genocide is a technical word. I didn't use it because it didn't come to my mind, but I described it... It's true, yes, yes, it's genocide. You can all stay calm about this. You can report that I said that it was genocide.
  67. ^ "Vatican rejects doctrine that fueled centuries of colonialism". AP NEWS. 2023-03-30. Retrieved 2023-04-29.
  68. ^ "Raising banner, protesters raise questions about 'Doctrine of Discovery'". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 2023-12-20.
  69. ^ "Read Archbishop Justin's apology to the Indigenous peoples of Canada". The Archbishop of Canterbury. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
  70. ^ Sanders, Leanne (2 May 2022). "'I am ashamed, I am horrified': Archbishop of Canterbury expresses remorse over church's role residential schools". APTN News.
  71. ^ Bush, Peter G. (2015). "The Canadian Churches' Apologies for Colonialism and Residential Schools, 1986–1998". Peace Research. 47 (1/2): 47–70. JSTOR 26382582.
  72. ^ Pimentel, Tamara (October 5, 2023). "Scouts Canada issues apology for role in 'historical harm' on Indigenous Peoples". Aboriginal Peoples Television Network (APTN) News.
  73. ^ Dudgeon P, Carey TA, Hammond S, et al. The Australian Psychological Society’s Apology to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People: Going beyond the Apology in the Teaching and Training of Psychologists. In: Rubin NS, Flores RL, eds. The Cambridge Handbook of Psychology and Human Rights. Cambridge Handbooks in Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2020:553-567. doi:10.1017/9781108348607.038
  74. ^ "An apology to Indigenous communities sparks a mental health rethink". 2023-08-25. Retrieved 2023-12-20.
  75. ^ American Psychological Association, APA Indigenous Apology Work Group. (2023). "Report on an Offer of Apology, on behalf of the American Psychological Association, to First Peoples in the United States" (PDF). www.apa.org. Retrieved 2023-12-20.
  76. ^ MacLachlan, Alice (2013). Government Apologies to Indigenous Peoples. In: MacLachlan, A., Speight, A. (eds) Justice, Responsibility and Reconciliation in the Wake of Conflict. Boston Studies in Philosophy, Religion and Public Life, vol 1. Springer, Dordrecht. Page 189. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5201-6_11
  77. ^ Dominello, Francesca (2017). "Political apologies and their challenges in achieving justice for indigenous peoples in Australia and Canada". Oñati Socio-legal Series. 7 (2): 277–303. ISSN 2079-5971.
  78. ^ Grewcock, Michael (2018). "Settler-Colonial Violence, Primitive Accumulation and Australia's Genocide". State Crime Journal. 7 (2): 222–250. doi:10.13169/statecrime.7.2.0222. ISSN 2046-6056. JSTOR 10.13169/statecrime.7.2.0222. [Rudd] could have been a lot more honest and taken the opportunity to make it an apology to all Aboriginal people of Australia accompanied by some offer of reconciliation – a meaningful offer in terms of reparation and compensation...

Further reading[edit]

  • Coates, K., & Coates, K. S. (2004). A global history of indigenous peoples. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
  • Lind, J. (2017). Sorry states: Apologies in international politics. Cornell University Press.
  • Ramsbotham, O., Miall, H., & Woodhouse, T. (2011). Contemporary conflict resolution. Polity.
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