Borohydride
Borohydride refers to the anion [BH4]−, which is also called tetrahydridoborate, and its salts.[1] Borohydride or hydroborate is also the term used for compounds containing [BH4−nXn]−, where n is an integer from 0 to 3, for example cyanoborohydride or cyanotrihydroborate [BH3(CN)]− and triethylborohydride or triethylhydroborate [BH(CH2CH3)3]−. Borohydrides find wide use as reducing agents in organic synthesis. The most important borohydrides are lithium borohydride and sodium borohydride, but other salts are well known (see Table).[2] Tetrahydroborates are also of academic and industrial interest in inorganic chemistry.[3]
History
[edit]Alkali metal borohydrides were first described in 1940 by Hermann Irving Schlesinger and Herbert C. Brown. They synthesized lithium borohydride Li[BH4] from diborane B2H6:[4][5]
- 2 MH + B2H6 → 2 M[BH4], where M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, etc.
Current methods involve reduction of trimethyl borate with sodium hydride.[2]
Structure
[edit]In the borohydride anion and most of its modifications, boron has a tetrahedral structure.[6] The reactivity of the B−H bonds depends on the other ligands. Electron-releasing ethyl groups as in triethylborohydride render the B−H center highly nucleophilic. In contrast, cyanoborohydride is a weaker reductant owing to the electron-withdrawing cyano substituent. The countercation also influences the reducing power of the reagent.
| Borohydride [CAS no.] |
molecular weight (g/mol) |
Hydrogen density | Density (g/cm3) |
melting point (°C) |
Solubility in water (g/100 mL at 25 °C) |
Solubility in MeOH (g/100 mL, 25 °C) |
Solubility in Et2O (g/100 mL, 25 °C) |
Solubility in THF (g/100 mL at 25 °C) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Li[BH4] [16949-15-8] |
21.78 | 18.5 | 0.66 | 280 | 20.9 | decomposes (44 in EtOH) | 4.3 | 22.5 |
| Na[BH4] [16940-66-2] |
37.83 | 10.6 | 1.07 | 505 | 55 | 16.4 (at 20 °C) | insoluble | 0.1 (at 20 °C) |
| Na[BH3(CN)] [25895-60-7] |
62.84 | 6.4 | 1.20 | 240 with decomposition | tolerated[7] | 217 | insoluble | 36 |
| K[BH4] [13762-51-1] |
53.94 | 7.4 | 1.17 | 585 (under H2) | 19 | insoluble | insoluble | insoluble |
| Li[BHEt3] [22560-16-3] |
105.94 | 0.95 | unknown | unknown | decomposes | decomposes | N/A | high (supplied commercially) |
Uses
[edit]Sodium borohydride is the borohydride that is produced on the largest scale industrially, estimated at 5000 tons/year in 2002. The main use is for the reduction of sulfur dioxide to give sodium dithionite:
- Na[BH4] + 8 NaOH + 8 SO2 → 4 Na2S2O4 + NaBO2 + 6 H2O
Dithionite is used to bleach wood pulp.[2] Sodium borohydride is also used to reduce aldehydes and ketones in the production of pharmaceuticals including chloramphenicol, thiophenicol, vitamin A, atropine, and scopolamine, as well as many flavorings and aromas.
Potential applications
[edit]Because of their high hydrogen content, borohydride complexes and salts have been of interest in the context of hydrogen storage.[8] Reminiscent of related work on ammonia borane, challenges are associated with slow kinetics and low yields of hydrogen as well as problems with regeneration of the parent borohydrides.
Coordination complexes
[edit]
In its coordination complexes, the borohydride ion is bound to the metal by means of one to three bridging hydrogen atoms.[9][3][10] In most such compounds, the [BH4]− ligand is bidentate. Some homoleptic borohydride complexes are volatile. One example is uranium borohydride.
Metal borohydride complexes can often be prepared by a simple salt elimination reaction:[11]
- TiCl4 + 4 Li[BH4] + Et2O (solvent) → Ti[BH4]4·Et2O + 4 LiCl
Beryllium borohydride is dimeric.
Decomposition
[edit]Some metal tetrahydroborates transform on heating to give metal borides. When the borohydride complex is volatile, this decomposition pathway is the basis of chemical vapor deposition (CVD), a way of depositing thin films of metal borides.[12] For example, zirconium diboride ZrB2 and hafnium diboride HfB2 can be prepared through CVD of the zirconium(IV) tetrahydroborate Zr[BH4]4 and hafnium(IV) tetrahydroborate Hf[BH4]4:[12]
- M[BH4]4 → MB2 + B2H6 + 5 H2
Metal diborides find uses as coatings because of their hardness, high melting point, strength, resistance to wear and corrosion, and good electrical conductivity.[12]
References
[edit]- ^ "Tetrahydroborate". Chemspider.com. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
- ^ a b c Rittmeyer, P.; Wietelmann, U. "Hydrides". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a13_199. ISBN 978-3527306732.
- ^ a b Makhaev, V. D. (2000). "Borohydride". Russ. Chem. Rev. (69): 727–746. doi:10.1070/RC2000v069n09ABEH000580.
- ^ Schlesinger, H. C.; Brown, H. R. (1940). "Metallo Borohydrides. III. Lithium Borohydride". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 62 (12): 3429–3435. doi:10.1021/ja01869a039.
- ^ Schlesinger, H. C.; Brown, H. R.; Hoekstra, L. R. (1953). "Reactions of Diborane with Alkali Metal Hydrides and Their Addition Compounds. New Syntheses of Borohydrides. Sodium and Potassium Borohydrides". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 75: 199–204. doi:10.1021/ja01097a053.
- ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
- ^ Hutchins, Robert O.; Hutchins, MaryGail K.; Crawley, Matthew L. (2007). "Sodium Cyanoborohydride". Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rs059.pub2. ISBN 978-0471936237.
- ^ Jaroń, Tomasz; Wegner, Wojciech; Grochala, Wojciech (17 August 2018). "M[Y(BH4)4] and M2Li[Y(BH4)6−xClx] (M = Rb, Cs): new borohydride derivatives of yttrium and their hydrogen storage properties". Dalton Transactions. 42 (19): 6886–93. doi:10.1039/C3DT33048F. PMID 23503711.
- ^ Marks, T. J.; Kolb, J. R. (1977). "Borohydride". Chem. Rev. 77: 263. doi:10.1021/cr60306a004.
- ^ Besora, M.; Lledós, A. (2008). "Coordination Modes and Hydride Exchange Dynamics in Transition Metal Tetrahydroborate Complexes". Structure and Bonding. 130: 149–202. doi:10.1007/430_2007_076. ISBN 978-3-540-78633-7.
- ^ Franz, H.; Fusstetter, H.; Nöth, H. (1976). "Borohydride". Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 427: 97–113. doi:10.1002/zaac.654270202.
- ^ a b c Jensen, J. A.; Gozum, J. E.; Pollina, D. M.; Girolami, G. S. (1988). "Titanium, Zirconium, and Hafnium tetrahydroborates as "tailored" CVD precursors for metal diboride thin films". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110 (5): 1643–1644. doi:10.1021/ja00213a058.
External links
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