Composition series
In abstract algebra, a composition series provides a way to break up an algebraic structure, such as a group or a module, into simple pieces. The need for considering composition series in the context of modules arises from the fact that many naturally occurring modules are not semisimple, hence cannot be decomposed into a direct sum of simple modules. A composition series of a module M is a finite increasing filtration of M by submodules such that the successive quotients are simple and serves as a replacement of the direct sum decomposition of M into its simple constituents.
A composition series may not exist, and when it does, it need not be unique. Nevertheless, a group of results known under the general name Jordan–Hölder theorem asserts that whenever composition series exist, the isomorphism classes of simple pieces (although, perhaps, not their location in the composition series in question) and their multiplicities are uniquely determined. Composition series may thus be used to define invariants of finite groups and Artinian modules.
A related but distinct concept is a chief series: a composition series is a maximal subnormal series, while a chief series is a maximal normal series.
For groups
[edit]If a group G has a normal subgroup N, then the factor group G/N may be formed, and some aspects of the study of the structure of G may be broken down by studying the "smaller" groups G/N and N. If G has no normal subgroup that is different from G and from the trivial group, then G is a simple group. Otherwise, the question naturally arises as to whether G can be reduced to simple "pieces", and if so, are there any unique features of the way this can be done?
More formally, a composition series of a group G is a subnormal series of finite length
with strict inclusions, such that each Hi is a maximal proper normal subgroup of Hi+1. Equivalently, a composition series is a subnormal series such that each factor group Hi+1 / Hi is simple. The factor groups are called composition factors.
A subnormal series is a composition series if and only if it is of maximal length. That is, there are no additional subgroups which can be "inserted" into a composition series. The length n of the series is called the composition length.
If a composition series exists for a group G, then any subnormal series of G can be refined to a composition series, informally, by inserting subgroups into the series up to maximality. Every finite group has a composition series, but not every infinite group has one. For example, has no composition series.
Uniqueness: Jordan–Hölder theorem
[edit]A group may have more than one composition series. However, the Jordan–Hölder theorem (named after Camille Jordan and Otto Hölder) states that any two composition series of a given group are equivalent. That is, they have the same composition length and the same composition factors, up to permutation and isomorphism. This theorem can be proved using the Schreier refinement theorem. The Jordan–Hölder theorem is also true for transfinite ascending composition series, but not transfinite descending composition series (Birkhoff 1934). Baumslag (2006) gives a short proof of the Jordan–Hölder theorem by intersecting the terms in one subnormal series with those in the other series.
Example
[edit]For a cyclic group of order n, composition series correspond to ordered prime factorizations of n, and in fact yields a proof of the fundamental theorem of arithmetic.
For example, the cyclic group has and as three different composition series. The sequences of composition factors obtained in the respective cases are and
For modules
[edit]The definition of composition series for modules restricts all attention to submodules, ignoring all additive subgroups that are not submodules. Given a ring R and an R-module M, a composition series for M is a series of submodules
where all inclusions are strict and Jk is a maximal submodule of Jk+1 for each k. As for groups, if M has a composition series at all, then any finite strictly increasing series of submodules of M may be refined to a composition series, and any two composition series for M are equivalent. In that case, the (simple) quotient modules Jk+1/Jk are known as the composition factors of M, and the Jordan–Hölder theorem holds, ensuring that the number of occurrences of each isomorphism type of simple R-module as a composition factor does not depend on the choice of composition series.
It is well known[1] that a module has a finite composition series if and only if it is both an Artinian module and a Noetherian module. If R is an Artinian ring, then every finitely generated R-module is Artinian and Noetherian, and thus has a finite composition series. In particular, for any field K, any finite-dimensional module for a finite-dimensional algebra over K has a composition series, unique up to equivalence.
Generalization
[edit]Groups with a set of operators generalize group actions and ring actions on a group. A unified approach to both groups and modules can be followed as in (Bourbaki 1974, Ch. 1) or (Isaacs 1994, Ch. 10), simplifying some of the exposition. The group G is viewed as being acted upon by elements (operators) from a set
The special cases recovered include when
For objects in an abelian category
[edit]A composition series of an object A in an abelian category is a sequence of subobjects
such that each quotient object Xi /Xi + 1 is simple (for 0 ≤ i < n). If A has a composition series, the integer n only depends on A and is called the length of A.[2]
See also
[edit]- Krohn–Rhodes theory, a semigroup analogue
- Schreier refinement theorem, any two subnormal series have equivalent composition series refinements
- Zassenhaus lemma, used to prove the Schreier Refinement Theorem
Notes
[edit]- ^ Isaacs 1994, p.146.
- ^ Kashiwara & Schapira 2006, exercise 8.20
References
[edit]- Birkhoff, Garrett (1934), "Transfinite subgroup series", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 40 (12): 847–850, doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1934-05982-2
- Baumslag, Benjamin (2006), "A simple way of proving the Jordan-Hölder-Schreier theorem", American Mathematical Monthly, 113 (10): 933–935, doi:10.2307/27642092
- Bourbaki, N. (1974), Algebra, Hermann, Paris; Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Reading Mass.
- Isaacs, I. Martin (1994), Algebra: A Graduate Course, Brooks/Cole, ISBN 978-0-534-19002-6
- Kashiwara, Masaki; Schapira, Pierre (2006), Categories and sheaves