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Duan Pidi

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In this Chinese name, the family name is Duan.
Duan Pidi
段だん匹ひき磾
Inspector of Youzhou (幽かそけ州しゅう刺史しし)
In office
314–321
MonarchEmperor Min of Jin/Emperor Yuan of Jin
Champion General (冠かんむり軍ぐん將軍しょうぐん)
In office
321–321
MonarchShi Le
Personal details
BornUnknown
DiedUnknown
RelationsDuan Jilujuan (brother)
Duan Wenyang (brother)
Duan Shujun (brother)
Parent

Duan Pidi (fl. 312–321) was a Duan-Xianbei chieftain during the Jin dynasty (266–420) and Sixteen Kingdoms period. He was the brother of chieftain, Duan Jilujuan, and served as his general in Jin's war with the Han-Zhao state. After Jilujuan made peace with Han in 313, Pidi led his branch of the tribe to continue fighting Han from Jicheng. Pidi became the most powerful Jin vassal in the north, but his decision to kill his ally, Liu Kun and a civil war with his cousin, Duan Mopei severely weakened him. In 319, he was forced to flee to another Jin vassal, Shao Xu. He was eventually captured by the Later Zhao in 321, and despite receiving favourable treatment from its ruler, Shi Le, he would later be executed in fear of that he would rebel.

Early life and career

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Duan Pidi was a member of the Xianbei Duan clan of Liaoxi. His father, Duan Wuwuchen was the head of the clan between 303 and 311. At the start of the 4th century, the Duan clan allied with the Youzhou warlord, Wang Jun and played an important role in Wang's campaign against the Prince of Chengdu, Sima Ying, during the War of the Eight Princes. The Duan tribe and Wang Jun continued their association after the war, combining their efforts to stop the new and growing state of Han-Zhao. Some time around 310, Pidi's elder brother, Duan Jilujuan, succeeded Wuwuchen as chieftain following his death.[1]

Duan Pidi participated during Jilujuan's attack on Xiangguo in 312, as part of Wang Jun's plan to divert the Han general, Shi Le, away from the rebelling city of Yuanxiang (苑えん鄕, in present-day Hebei and Beijing). The Duan forces fought Shi Le at Xiangguo but their star general, Pidi's cousin, Duan Mopei, was captured in battle. Despite being a prisoner, Mopei was treated with courtesy by Shi Le, which pleased Jilujuan. Because of this, the Duan tribe ceased their enmity with Shi Le and distanced themselves from Wang Jun.[2]

Wang Jun was eventually captured and executed by Shi Le in 314. After Wang's defeat, Shi Le appointed a man named Liu Han (劉りゅう翰) to be acting Inspector of Youzhou based in Jicheng. However, Liu Han instead fled to Duan Pidi, who he offered control over Jicheng. Pidi accepted on his own accord before occupying the city and submitting himself to Sima Rui, the paramount leader of Jin in the south.[3] For this, Sima Rui made Pidi Jin's new Inspector of Youzhou. Pidi also urged Shi Le's Administrator of Leling, Shao Xu, to submit to the Jin prince as well. Shao Xu did so, and Shi Le immediately responded by sending his army to besiege him. However, Pidi sent Duan Wenyang to reinforce Shao Xu, so Shi Le called off his attack.[4]

As Inspector of Youzhou

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Alliance with Liu Kun

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In 316, Shi Le sent his nephew Shi Hu to attack the Administrator of Wei Commandery, Liu Yan (劉りゅう演えんじ). Pidi sent Wenyang to rescue Liu Yan, and while the commandery fell, Liu Yan was safely retrieved.[5] Later that year, the Inspector of Bingzhou, Liu Kun lost his province to Shi Le. Liu Kun was left with nowhere to go, so Pidi sent a letter to invite him over to his base. Liu Kun took what was left of his army to meet with Pidi and the two men quickly befriended each other. Forming a brotherly bond, Pidi and Liu Kun arranged their relatives to marry one another to further cement their friendship.[6]

The next year, Pidi and Liu Kun swore an oath of alliance by smearing their lips with blood. Afterwards, they sent their respective envoys to deliver a joint petition urging Sima Rui to claim the imperial title. Liu Kun chose his nephew Wen Jiao to deliver the petition, while Pidi chose his Chief Clerk of the Left, Rong Shao (榮さかえ卲). After their envoys reached the southern capital, Pidi proclaimed Liu Kun as Grand Commander. He also later tried to get Jilujuan into joining forces with him in a campaign against Shi Le. However, Duan Mopei advised Jilujuan against agreeing with Pidi, so Jilujuan did not respond, and Pidi had to cancel the campaign.[7]

Arrest and execution of Liu Kun

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Jilujuan died in early 318 and was succeeded by his uncle, Duan Shefuchen. Pidi left Jicheng to attend his funeral but without his knowledge, Duan Mopei manipulated Shefuchen into believing that Pidi was about to usurp his power. At Zuobeiping, Shefuchen attacked Pidi but was then betrayed by Mopei who assassinated him while his and Pidi's forces were fighting. Mopei then took command of the assault and routed Pidi. During this, Mopei capturing Liu Kun's son Liu Qun (劉りゅう群ぐん), who was escorting Pidi to the funeral.[8]

Mopei treated Liu Qun well and considered supporting Liu Kun into becoming the new Inspector of Youzhou. He had Liu Qun write a letter to his father asking him to work as an agent within Pidi's camp, but his envoy was caught by Pidi's scouts along the way. Liu Kun knew nothing of the letter when Pidi confronted him with it. Pidi had no suspicion towards Liu Kun, and Liu Kun himself assured that he had no intentions to betray Pidi. Pidi let him off at first, but his younger brother, Duan Shujun (段だん叔軍), was able to get his brother to heavily reconsider his actions.[9]

Pidi quickly had Liu Kun arrested. Liu Kun's son, Liu Zun (劉りゅう遵), upon hearing his father's arrest, mounted a defence in his camp but was defeated by Pidi. Two of Liu Kun's generals, Pilü Song (辟閭嵩かさ) and Han Ju (韓かん據よりどころ), also planned to retaliate, but Pidi had the conspirators executed after their plot leaked. On 22 June, through the consent of Sima Rui's commander, Wang Dun, Pidi claimed that he had received an imperial edict to arrest Liu Kun and subsequently executed him along with his four sons and nephews via strangulation.[10]

Although Liu Kun had long helped Jin in attempting to restore its authority in the north, Sima Rui refused to punish Pidi and forbid anyone from mourning Liu Kun, as Rui and most of the court thought of Pidi as a powerful and valuable asset. Despite Sima Rui's leniency, Pidi had underestimated Liu Kun's popularity, and the breaking of his oath caused many of the Han Chinese and tribal people to lose their trust in Pidi.[11]

Alliance with Shao Xu

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Fleeing to Shao Xu

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Seeing that support for Pidi was declining, Duan Mopei took the opportunity to attack him. Pidi led his army away from battle and tried to flee to Shao Xu in Leling but was badly routed by Shi Le's general Shi Yue (石越いしこし; not to be confused with the Former Qin general of the same name, Shi Yue) at Mount Yan. Pidi retreated back to Jicheng while Mopei declared himself the new Inspector of Youzhou. Pidi remained in his city for a year, but by 319, his situation had worsened. Shi Le's general Kong Chang had taken all of Youzhou's commanderies while most of Pidi's soldiers abandoned him due to depleting rations. Pidi planned to escape through Shanggu but the Prince of Dai, Tuoba Yulü, was waiting to attack him there. Desperate, Pidi abandoned his wife and children and made another attempt to flee to Shao Xu, this time successfully doing so.[12]

Defense of Yanci

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In 320, Pidi's army was once again harassed by Mopei. Pidi pleaded to Shao Xu to assist him in getting revenge on Mopei, so the two men headed out and routed Mopei. Pidi followed up his victory by attacking Jicheng together with Duan Wenyang to reclaim his old base. This proved a fatal mistake as Shao Xu was left exposed to Shi Le. Shi Hu attacked Yanci (厭いや次じ, around present-day Dezhou, Shandong) and captured Shao Xu. News of Shao Xu's defeat reached Pidi, causing him to rush back to save the city. Duan Wenyang helped the army fight their way back into the city, where Pidi commanded the defence together with Shao Xu's family. In the middle of the year, Wenyang defeated Kong Chang, but it was not enough to completely repel the Zhao army.[13]

Fighting continued into the next year in 321. Shi Hu attacked Pidi at Yanci again, while Kong Chang occupied the inner cities. Duan Wenyang volunteered himself to lead a daring charge with his cavalries to drive back the invaders. Wenyang valiantly fought and killed dozens of Shi Hu's soldiers. Supposedly, even after his horse had collapsed, Wenyang fought back with his spear, and when his spear snapped, he fought with his blade. This lasted for a day but Wenyang was eventually captured Shi Hu. His capture lowered the morale of the city's defenders.[14]

Defeat and death

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Faced with imminent defeat, Pidi planned to flee alone to the south to serve Sima Rui. However, Shao Xu's brother, Shao Ji (邵樂) detained him and handed over Sima Rui's envoy, Wang Ying (王おう英すぐる) to Shi Hu. Shortly after, Shao Ji and his sons bound themselves to coffins and went out to surrender.[15] When Pidi met with Shi Hu, he said to him, "I have received the favor of Jin, and my ambition was to destroy you. It is unfortunate that things have come to this, but I cannot respect you." Shi Le and Shi Hu had always respected Pidi, so much so that after his capture, Shi Hu lifted him up in the air and had him saluted as a gesture of companionship. Pidi was made Champion General, while Wenyang was made General of the Household Gentlemen of the Left.[16]

Despite Shi Le's favour, Pidi remained loyal to Jin. Pidi often dressed himself in clothing used in the Jin court and held the imperial staff of authority that Sima Rui gave him. Shi Le was worried that Pidi's attitude foreboded a future revolt. After some time, Shi Le had Pidi put to death along with Wenyang and Shao Xu.[17]

References

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  1. ^ (就六眷與弟匹磾、從弟じゅうてい末まつ波なみ等とう率りつ五萬餘騎圍石勒於襄國。) Book of Northern Wei, Volume 103
  2. ^ (王おう浚使棗なつめ嵩かさみ督ただし諸しょ軍ぐん屯たむろ易えき水すい，召段疾やまし陸りく眷，欲ほし與あずか之これ共きょう擊げき石せき勒，疾やまし陸りく眷不至いたり。浚怒，以重幣ぬさ賂まいない拓つぶせ跋ばつ猗盧，幷檄慕容廆等共ども討疾陸りく眷。猗盧遣や右みぎ賢けん王おう六ろく脩おさむ將兵しょうへい會かい之の，爲ため疾やまし陸りく眷所敗はい。廆遣慕容翰攻段だん氏し，取と徒と河かわ、新城しんじょう，至いたり陽ひ樂らく，聞六脩敗而還，翰因留とめ鎭徒河かわ，壁かべ青山あおやま。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 88
  3. ^ (劉りゅう翰不欲よく從したがえ石せき勒，乃歸段だん匹ひき磾，匹ひき磾遂據よりどころ薊あざみ城じょう。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 89
  4. ^ (會かい段だん匹ひき磾以書しょ邀續同どう歸き左ひだり丞相じょうしょう睿，續ぞく從したがえ之これ。其人皆みな曰：「今こん棄勒歸き匹ひき磾，其如乂何？」續ぞく泣曰：「我わが豈あに得とく顧子而爲叛臣哉！」殺ころせ異議いぎ者しゃ數すう人にん。勒聞之の，殺ころせ乂。續ぞく遣や劉りゅう胤たね使し江東こうとう，睿以胤たね爲ため參さん軍ぐん，以續爲ため平原へいげん太守たいしゅ。石いし勒遣兵へい圍かこえ續ぞく，匹ひき磾使其弟文ぶん鴦救之の，勒引去さ。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 89
  5. ^ (石いし勒使石せき虎とら攻おさむ劉りゅう演えんじ于廩丘おか，幽かそけ州しゅう刺史しし段だん匹ひき磾使其弟文ぶん鴦救之の；虎とら拔廩丘おか，演えんじ奔文鴦軍，虎とら獲え演えんじ弟おとうと啓けい以歸。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 89
  6. ^ (琨不從したがえ，悉發其眾，命いのち澹領步ふ騎き二に萬まん爲ため前驅ぜんく，琨自爲ため後繼こうけい。勒先據よりどころ險要けんよう，設しつらえ伏ふく以擊澹，大敗たいはい之の，一軍いちぐん皆みな沒ぼつ，並なみ土ど震駭しんがい。尋ひろ又また炎ほのお旱ひでり，琨窮蹙不能ふのう復ふく守もり。幽かそけ州しゅう刺史しし鮮卑段だん匹ひき磾數遣や信しんじ要よう琨，欲ほし與あずか同どう獎王室しつ。琨由是ぜ率りつ眾赴之の，從したがえ飛ひ狐きつね人じん薊あざみ。匹ひき磾見之の，甚相崇たかし重じゅう，與あずか琨結婚けっこん，約やく爲ため兄弟きょうだい。) Book of Jin,Volume 62
  7. ^ (建たて武たけし初はつ，匹ひき磾推劉りゅう琨為大だい都と督とく，結盟けつめい討勒，並なみ檄げき涉わたる復ふく辰たつ、疾やまし陸りく眷、末すえ杯はい等とう三面俱集襄國，琨、匹ひき磾進屯たむろ固かた安やす，以候眾軍。勒懼，遣や間あいだ使し厚あつ賂まいない末まつ杯はい。然しか末すえ杯はい既すんで思おもえ報ほう其舊恩きゅうおん，且因匹ひき磾在外がい，欲よく襲かさね奪だつ其國，乃間匹ひき磾於涉わたる復ふく辰たつ、疾やまし陸りく眷曰：「以父兄けい而從子弟してい邪よこしま？雖一旦いったん有功ゆうこう，匹ひき磾獨收おさむ之の矣。」涉わたる復ふく辰たつ等とう以為然しか，引軍而還。匹ひき磾亦止どめ。) Book of Jin, Volume 63
  8. ^ (就六ろく眷死，其子幼弱ようじゃく，匹ひき磾與劉りゅう琨世子せいし羣奔喪も。匹ひき磾陰卷甲まきこう而往，欲よく殺ころせ其從叔羽鱗うろこ及末波は而奪其國。末すえ波なみ等とう知之ともゆき，遣や軍ぐん逆ぎゃく擊げき，匹ひき磾、劉りゅう羣為末まつ波なみ所しょ獲え。匹ひき磾走還かえ薊あざみ。) Book of Northern Wei, Volume 103
  9. ^ (匹ひき磾奔其兄喪も，琨遣世子せいし群ぐん送おく之これ，而末波なみ率りつ眾要擊げき匹ひき磾而敗走はいそう之の，群ぐん爲ため末まつ波なみ所得しょとく。末すえ波は厚あつ禮れい之の，許もと以琨爲ため幽かそけ州しゅう刺史しし，共きょう結盟けつめい而襲匹ひき磾，密みつ遣や使つかい齎群書しょ請琨爲ため內應，而爲匹ひき磾邏騎き所得しょとく。時とき琨別屯たむろ故こ征せい北府きたご小城おぎ，不ふ之これ知也ともや。因よし來見くるみ匹ひき磾，匹ひき磾以群ぐん書しょ示しめせ琨曰：「意い亦また不ふ疑うたぐ公おおやけ，是ぜ以白公こう耳みみ。」琨曰：「與あずか公おおやけ同盟どうめい，志こころざし獎王室しつ，仰おおせ憑威力りょく，庶雪國家こっか之の恥はじ。若わか兒こ書しょ密みつ達たち，亦また終おわ不ふ以一子之故負公忘義也。」匹ひき磾雅重じゅう琨，初はつ無害むがい琨志，將はた聽還屯たむろ。其中弟おとうと叔軍好學こうがく有ゆう智謀ちぼう，爲ため匹ひき磾所信しんじ，謂いい匹ひき磾曰：「吾われ胡夷こい耳みみ，所以ゆえん能のう服ふく晉すすむ人じん者しゃ，畏かしこ吾われ眾也。今いま我わが骨肉こつにく構禍，是ぜ其良圖ず之これ日にち，若わか有ゆう奉たてまつ琨以起おこり，吾われ族ぞく盡つき矣。」匹ひき磾遂留とめ琨。琨之庶長子ちょうし遵懼誅，與あずか琨左長ちょう史し楊橋、并州治ち中ちゅう如綏閉門へいもん自じ守もり。匹ひき磾諭之の不ふ得え，因いん縱たて兵へい攻おさむ之これ。琨將龍りゅう季き猛もう迫せり於乏食しょく，遂とげ斬き橋はし、綏而降。) Book of Jin, Volume 62
  10. ^ (然しか琨既忠ちゅう於晉室しつ，素もと有ゆう重じゅう望もち，被ひ拘かかわ經けい月がつ，遠近えんきん憤いきどお歎。匹ひき磾所署しょ代だい郡ぐん太守たいしゅ辟閭嵩かさ，與あずか琨所署しょ雁かり門もん太守たいしゅ王おう據よりどころ、後こう將軍しょうぐん韓かん據よりどころ連れん謀はかりごと，密みつ作さく攻おさむ具ぐ，欲よく以襲匹ひき磾。而韓據よりどころ女おんな爲ため匹ひき磾兒妾わらわ，聞其謀はかりごと而告之これ匹ひき磾，於是執と王おう據よりどころ、辟閭嵩かさ及其徒黨ととう悉誅之の。會かい王おう敦あつし密使みっし匹ひき磾殺琨，匹ひき磾又懼眾反はん己おのれ，遂とげ稱たたえ有ゆう詔みことのり收おさむ琨。初はつ，琨聞敦あつし使し到いた，謂いい其子曰：「處しょ仲なか使し來らい而不我わが告つげ，是ぜ殺ころせ我わが也。死生しせい有ゆう命いのち，但ただし恨仇恥はじ不ふ雪ゆき，無む以下いか見み二に親おや耳みみ。」因いん歔欷きょき不能ふのう自じ勝かち。匹ひき磾遂縊之，時じ年ねん四よん十じゅう八はち。子こ侄四よん人にん俱被害ひがい。朝廷ちょうてい以匹磾尚強きょう，當爲とうい國こく討石勒，不ふ舉琨哀あい。) Book of Jin, Volume 62
  11. ^ (悅えつ，林はやし之の曾孫そうそん也。朝廷ちょうてい以匹磾尚強きょう，冀其能平のっぺい河かわ朔ついたち，乃不爲ふため琨舉哀あい。溫ゆたか嶠表「琨盡忠じんちゅう帝室ていしつ，家いえ破やぶ身み亡ほろび，宜むべ在ざい褒恤；」廬いおり諶、崔ちぇ悅えつ因いん末まつ柸使者しゃ，亦また上表じょうひょう爲ため琨訟冤。後こう數すう歲さい，乃贈琨太尉じょう、侍さむらい中ちゅう，諡おくりな曰愍。於是夷えびす、晉すすむ以琨死し，皆みな不ふ附ふ匹ひき磾。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 90
  12. ^ (末まつ柸遣其弟攻おさむ匹ひき磾，匹ひき磾帥其衆數すう千せん將しょう奔邵續つづけ，勒將石越いしこし邀之於鹽山さん，大敗たいはい之の，匹ひき磾復還かえ保ほ薊あざみ。末すえ柸自稱じしょう幽かそけ州しゅう刺史しし。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 91
  13. ^ (六ろく月がつ，後ご趙ちょう孔あな萇攻段だん匹ひき磾，恃勝而不設備せつび，段だん文ぶん鴦襲擊げき，大破たいは之の。) Book of Jin, Volume 91
  14. ^ (又また令れい文ぶん鴦北討末杯はい弟おとうと于薊城じょう，及還，去さ城しろ八はち十じゅう里り，聞續已やめ沒ぼつ，眾懼而散，復ふく為石ためし季き龍りゅう所しょ遮さえぎ，文ぶん鴦以其親兵へい數すう百ひゃく人にん力戰りきせん破やぶ之これ，始はじめ得とく入城にゅうじょう。季き龍りゅう復ふく抄しょう城下じょうか，文ぶん鴦登城とじょう臨見，欲よく出擊しゅつげき之の，匹ひき磾不許もと。文ぶん鴦曰：「我わが以勇聞，故こ百姓ひゃくしょう杖つえ我が。見み人じん被ひ略りゃく而不救すくえ，非ひ丈夫じょうふ也。令れい眾失望しつぼう，誰だれ復ふく為ため我わが致死ちし乎！」遂とげ將はた壯士そうし數すう十じゅう騎き出で戰せん，殺ころせ胡えびす甚多。遇ぐう馬ば乏とぼし，伏ふく不能ふのう起おこり。季き龍りゅう呼よび曰：「大兄たいけい與あずか我わが俱是戎えびす狄，久ひさ望もち共同きょうどう。天てん不ふ違たがえ願ねがい，今日きょう相しょう見み，何故なぜ復ふく戰せん？請釋杖つえ。」文ぶん鴦罵曰：「汝なんじ為ため寇虐，久ひさ應おう合ごう死し，吾われ兄けい不用ふよう吾われ計けい，故こ令れい汝なんじ得とく至いたり此，吾われ寧やすし死し，不為ふため汝なんじ擒とりこ。」遂とげ下馬げば苦戰くせん，槊折，執刀しっとう力戰りきせん不ふ已やめ。季き龍りゅう軍ぐん四面解馬羅披自鄣，前ぜん捉文鴦。文ぶん鴦戰自じ辰たつ至いたり申さる，力ちから極ごく而後被ひ執と。城しろ內大懼。) Book of Jin, Volume 63
  15. ^ (匹ひき磾欲單騎たんき歸朝きちょう，續ぞく弟おとうと樂らく安やす內史洎協兵へい，不ふ許もと，洎復欲ほし執と臺たい使し王おう英すぐる送おく于季龍りゅう，匹ひき磾正色しょく責せめ之の曰：「卿きょう不能ふのう遵兄之の志こころざし，逼吾不ふ得とく歸朝きちょう，亦また以甚矣，復ふく欲ほし執と天子てんし使者ししゃ，我わが雖胡素もと，所しょ未み聞也。」) Book of Jin, Volume 63
  16. ^ (遂とげ渡わたり黃河こうが南みなみ。匹ひき磾著朝あさ服ふく，持じ節ぶし，賓まろうど從したがえ出で見み季き龍りゅう曰：「我わが受國恩おん，志こころざし在ざい滅めつ汝なんじ。不幸ふこう吾われ國こく自じ亂みだれ，以至於此。既すんで不能ふのう死し，又また不能ふのう為ため汝なんじ敬けい也。」勒及季き龍りゅう素もと與あずか匹ひき磾結為ため兄弟きょうだい，季き龍りゅう起おこり而拜之の。) Book of Jin, Volume 63
  17. ^ (勒及季き龍りゅう素もと與あずか匹ひき磾結為ため兄弟きょうだい，季き龍りゅう起おこり而拜之の。匹ひき磾到襄じょう國こく，又また不為ふため勒禮，常つね著ちょ朝あさ服ふく，持もち晉すすむ節ぶし。經年けいねん，國中くになか謀はかりごと推匹磾為主ぬし，事こと露ろ，被害ひがい。文ぶん鴦亦遇ぐう鴆而死し，惟おもんみ末まつ波なみ存そん焉。及死，弟おとうと牙きば立りつ。牙きば死し，其後從したがえ祖そ就陸眷之孫まご遼りょう立りつ。) Book of Jin, Volume 63
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