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Hatnua

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Hatnua
התנועה‎
LeaderTzipi Livni[1]
Founded27 November 2012 (2012-11-27)[2]
Dissolved18 February 2019 (2019-02-18)
Split fromKadima
HeadquartersTel Aviv, Israel
IdeologyLiberalism[3][4][5]
Two-state solution[6][7]
Secularism[8][9]
Environmentalism[10][11]
Third Way[12]
Liberal Zionism[13][14]
Political positionCenter[15][16] to center-left[17][18][19]
National affiliationZionist Union (2014–2019)
ColorsBlue, white
Most MKs8 (2012)
Fewest MKs5 (2016)
Election symbol
צפ‎
Website
www.hatnua.org.il

Hatnua (Hebrew: הַתְּנוּעָה, lit. 'The Movement')[20] was a liberal political party in Israel[21][22] formed by former Israeli Foreign Minister and Vice Prime Minister Tzipi Livni to present an alternative to voters frustrated by the stalemate in the Israeli–Palestinian peace process.[23]

The party was formed by dissidents in Kadima, which Livni, who had led the party's progressive wing,[24] headed until March 2012 when she lost a leadership primary election to rival Shaul Mofaz,[1] who was part of the party's more conservative wing.[25][26][27] The party was based on the infrastructure of Hetz, a faction that broke away from Shinui in 2006.[28] Relatively close in ideology to Yesh Atid and the Labor Party, which focused mostly on domestic and socioeconomic issues in their 2013 campaigns, Hatnua stood out for its aggressive push for a pragmatic peace settlement with the Palestinians.[29]

In the 2013 legislative election, Hatnua ran on a joint list with the Green Movement, and incorporated many of its core ideals into the party's platform.[30] Hatnua's 2013 platform emphasized Arab–Israeli peace, social justice, environmental protection, the integration of all citizens into the military and workforce, and religious pluralism.[31]

In the 2015 legislative election, it ran on a joint electoral list with the Labor Party called the Zionist Union, which became the second-largest parliamentary group. In January 2019, Labor chairman Avi Gabay announced that Labor would not run with Hatnua in the April 2019 election.[32] Following several weeks of poor poll results, Livni announced on 18 February 2019 that Hatnua would drop out of the election and that she was retiring from politics.[33]

Formation

[edit]
On 27 November 2012 Tzipi Livni officially announced the establishment of the Movement.

Following months of speculation, Livni announced the establishment of Hatnua at a press conference in Tel Aviv on 27 November 2012, describing it as a "liberal, secular, and democratic party," with "room for the very best of Likud" and Labor. In her announcement, Livni cited the need for the party after the government had entered into ceasefire negotiations with Hamas while peace talks with the Palestinian Authority were not occurring. She later described her mission in an op-ed in the Jerusalem Post, saying, "I've come to fight for peace. ... I've come to fight for security. ... I've come to fight for a Jewish state. ... I've come to fight for a democratic Israel." In addition, Livni pledged to push for military conscription of the ultra-Orthodox and to promote social justice initiatives for Israel's youth, noting that the then-recent Likud primaries only strengthened the party's hard-right faction.[34][35]

The party was formed by taking over the remains of the Hetz party, also inheriting the NIS 1.8 million in the party's bank account.[36] It began with seven members of the Knesset, all of whom were allies of Livni who were breaking away from Kadima.[37]

Following its establishment, Ynetnews published a poll on 30 November 2011 showing Livni to be more favored than Labor leader Shelly Yachimovich, and overall the strongest candidate for Prime Minister against the incumbent, Netanyahu.[38] On 1 December 2012, former Labor leader Amram Mitzna joined the party.[39] A second former Labor leader, Amir Peretz, joined the party on 6 December.[40] The party campaigned on diplomatic issues, mainly peace with the Palestinians and preserving international support for Israel.[8]

Before forming Hatnua, Livni turned away an offer from Yair Lapid for the No. 2 seat on the Yesh Atid list, as well as an offer from Shelly Yachimovich for a seat on the Labor Party list.[3][41]

In a Jerusalem Post interview, Livni said she created Hatnua because there was a vacancy for a non-socialist party "representing the need to relaunch negotiations." She suggested that other parties had narrow agendas and that her party would not ignore the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, which she said was connected to other issues affecting Israel.[42]

Eighteen days before the 2013 election, Livni called on Yachimovich and Lapid to come together and form a united front against Likud Beiteinu.[43] Both leaders were receptive to the idea, but Lapid said the parties should consider joining a Netanyahu-led government after the election to prevent extremist parties from joining the governing coalition.[44][45][46]

Ideology and politics

[edit]

Having worked as Israel's lead peace negotiator, Livni is well respected internationally and has a good relationship with the Palestinian leadership.[20] The party campaigned almost exclusively on foreign policy issues, pushing for renewed peace talks with the Palestinians and preserving support from the international community,[8][20] especially the United States.[47]

Livni has stated that there should be a three-step process in order to resume negotiations with the Palestinians; the first step would be to ensure coordination with America; the second step would be utilizing the EU to back the negotiations; the third step would be to direct negotiations with the Palestinians; she also stated that there would be no negotiations with Hamas unless it renounced terrorism.[48] It was also committed to passing Basic Laws that protect the environment[49] and social rights. It was in favor of a differential value added tax as well as canceling existing subsidies for West Bank settlements and ultra-Orthodox sectoral interests while increasing the fees charged for the mining of natural resources. Livni has long been an advocate for women's rights and gay rights,[50] and her party supported same-sex marriage in Israel.[51]

The party's social agenda was similar to that of other center-left parties.[52] Livni is socially progressive and is well known for having refused the coalition terms of religious parties as the leader of Kadima.[53] Hatnua was liberal on matters of religion and state.[9] Like Yesh Atid, it was in favor of conversion reform.[54][55]

The party supported Third Way economic policies.[12][56][57][58] It saw economic issues, as with other issues, as interconnected with the country's security and diplomacy situation.[59][60][46] According to Livni, the absence of a peace deal can hinder Israel's economic growth and its chances of allying with moderate Arab states.[61][62]

19th Knesset

[edit]

The party went on to win six seats in the 2013 Knesset elections.[63] It did not endorse any candidate for prime minister to President Shimon Peres. Amid reports that coalition negotiations between Netanyahu and the Yesh Atid and Jewish Home factions, which formed an alliance, were floundering, Hatnua became the first party sign on to joining Benjamin Netanyahu's government.[64][65] As part of its coalition agreement, Hatnua received the Justice Ministry (held by Livni) and the Environmental Protection Ministry (held by Peretz), and a ministerial team for the peace process with the Palestinians was established with Livni as chief negotiator.[66] Coalition negotiations also involved the issue of ultra-Orthodox military conscription. Hatnua MK Elazar Stern, whose long-running work on the matter also formed Yesh Atid's position thereon, sought to stiffen sanctions against yeshivas that fail to meet conscription targets.[67] Livni said she would not officially join Netanyahu's government without other center-left parties; Yesh Atid eventually signed on as a coalition partner.[64]

During his tenure as environmental protection minister, Peretz championed the slogan "it is impossible to separate environmental and social justice", and his campaigns within the ministry have followed suit. Many of the changes Peretz led involved minority or periphery communities, such as ongoing efforts to bring waste infrastructure to Arab towns and Bedouin villages, in particular. Other accomplishment involved the government approval of a NIS 45 million budget for addressing environmental deficiencies for residents of the south and the eradication of free plastic bags from grocery stores. With Livni's approval, he resigned as cabinet minister in November 2014, citing his frustration with Netanyahu's policies and the lack of peace negotiations. He remained a member of Hatnua and the governing coalition.[68][69][70]

Hatnua often sparred with the Jewish Home, another coalition partner, particularly with regard to peace negotiations, which Hatnua continuously pushed for, and which the Jewish Home vehemently opposed.[71] As Justice Minister, Livni also advanced a bill to give equal inheritance rights to same-sex couples.[72]

On 2 December 2014, Netanyahu fired Livni from her cabinet portfolio, accusing her and Yesh Atid leader Yair Lapid then Minister of Finance, of conspiring to bring down the governing coalition in a "putsch".[73] The following week, Hatnua agreed to run on a joint list with the opposition Labor Party in the ensuing March 2015 election, with Livni alleging that Likud had been taken over by right-wing extremists. If the joint list wins the election and is able to form a government, under the agreement, the position of Prime Minister would rotate between Livni and Labor leader Isaac Herzog.[74] In protest of the alliance, Elazar Stern left the party on 20 December 2014[75] and soon joined Yesh Atid. Tzur, Mitzna, and Sheetrit announced their retirement from politics altogether; of them, Tzur and Mitzna expressed support for the alliance with Labor, while Sheetrit said he opposed it.[76][77][78] Peretz, the only MK to join Livni, not only supported the alliance, but later added he would like to see a full merger between the parties.[79]

As part of its agreement with Labor, Livni received the second spot on the joint list. Spots 8, 16, 21, 24, 25, and 28 were also reserved for Hatnua members, going, in order, to Peretz, former Kadima MK and Livni ally Yoel Hasson, Channel 9 journalist and analyst on Arab affairs Ksenia Svetlova, Maj. Gen. (res.) Eyal Ben-Reuven, Israeli Green Movement co-chair Yael Cohen-Paran, and former Kadima MK Robert Tiviaev.[80][81][82]

Electoral history

[edit]

In the 2013 Israeli legislative election, Hatnua won 6 seats with almost 5% of the votes, while the remainder of Kadima won 2 seats with 2% of the votes. The party had a surplus vote agreement with Meretz.

The six seats were taken by:[83]

In the 2015 elections Hatnua had seven seats reserved for it on the Zionist Union list, with five elected as the list won 24 seats. In September 2015, Hatnua MK Amir Peretz defected to their Zionist Union sister party Labor, thus reducing Hatnua's representation to 4 seats. In November 2015, Labor Party MK Danny Atar resigned from the Knesset to chair the Jewish National Fund, leaving Hatnua candidate Yael Cohen Paran, to replace him, increasing Hatnua's representation back to 5 seats. Cohen Paran's entrance in the Knesset brought the total number of female MKs to 32, the highest ever.

Hatnua's faction in the 20th Knesset comprised the following MKs:

Amir Peretz was elected as a Hatnua member, but rejoined the Labor Party during the Knesset term.

On 1 January 2019 at a live televised Zionist Union party meeting, Labor leader Avi Gabay announced that Labor would not run with Hatnua in the upcoming April 2019 Israeli legislative election, surprising Livni.[32] Electoral polls showed that Hatnua was not close to crossing the 3.25% electoral threshold, and Livni announced on 18 February 2019 that Hatnua would not run in the elections, so as not to split the center-left vote, as well as her own retirement from politics.[33]

Election results

[edit]
Election Leader Votes % Seats +/– Status
2013 Tzipi Livni 189,167 (#7) 4.99
6 / 120
 Decrease 1 Coalition
2015 Part of the Zionist Union
6 / 120
 Steady 0 Opposition

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Yossi Verter (27 November 2012). "Tzipi Livni's new movement brings her full circle back to Israeli politics". Haaretz. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  2. ^ Gil Hoffman (27 November 2012). "Livni returns to politics with The Tzipi Livni Party". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  3. ^ a b "Tzipi Livni, subalterna de Herzog para no desaparecer del mapa político israelí", ABC, 16 March 2015. "Desde entonces, Livni se ha visto despojada del liderazgo del Kadima, creó una nueva formación de corte liberal -Hatnuá- con la que ganó sólo seis escaños en los comicios de 2013, y ha visto languidecer su otrora prometedor horizonte político hasta tal punto que, para salvarse, ha preferido la unión con el Laborismo, partido del que ideológicamente ha estado siempre alejada."
  4. ^ Christoph Schult (22 March 2013). "Pensions for Jewish Ghetto Laborers: Israel Angered By German Government". Spiegel Online. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  5. ^ Katherine Philip (16 January 2014). "Outcry as Israel tries to ban the word 'Nazi'". The Times.(subscription required)
  6. ^ Karin Laub (22 January 2013). "Israel vote presents diplomatic, domestic choices". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  7. ^ Ben Birnbaum (23 August 2013). "Tzipi Livni and the quest for peace in Israel and Palestine". Newsweek. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  8. ^ a b c Jim Zanotti (28 February 2014). "Israel: Background and U.S. Relations" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  9. ^ a b Judy Maltz (17 December 2014). "Where do Israeli lawmakers stand on matters of religion and state?". Haaretz. Both Meretz and Hatnuah are known for their progressive platforms on matters of religion and state.
  10. ^ "Hatnua presents green platform". Ynetnews. 26 December 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  11. ^ Justin Scott Finkelstein (August 2013). "Can the Israeli Center Hold?" (PDF). Foreign Policy Research Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  12. ^ a b Michael Shamir, ed. (2017). The Elections in Israel 2013. Routledge. pp. 40–41. ISBN 9781351295826. Hatenua ... 2013 manifesto: yes. Manifesto self-identification: 'enabling economy'. Economic ideology: Third Way. Discourse type: liberal.
  13. ^ Carlo Strenger, Israel today: a society without a center, Haaretz (7 March 2014)
  14. ^ Dror Zeigerman (2013). A Liberal Upheaval: From the General Zionists to the Liberal Party (pre-book dissertation) (PDF). Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Liberty. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015.
  15. ^ "Guide to Israel's political parties". BBC. 21 January 2013.
  16. ^ "A guide to the political parties battling for Israel's future". The Washington Post. 14 March 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  17. ^ Miriam Fendius Elman; Oded Haklai; Hendrik Spruyt (2014). Democracy and Conflict Resolution: The Dilemmas of Israel's Peacemaking. Syracuse University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-8156-5251-9.
  18. ^ Judi Rudoren (15 March 2015). "Israeli Leaders Form New Government". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  19. ^ Malcolm Russell (28 August 2013). The Middle East and South Asia 2013. Stryker Post. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-4758-0487-4.
  20. ^ a b c Josef Federman (22 February 2013). "Analysis: Netanyahu gambit appears to backfire". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  21. ^ "Israel". European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity. 25 August 2014. Archived from the original on 15 January 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2015. The party is a liberal party that Israel did not had since 2006.
  22. ^ Sophie Desjardin (13 March 2015). "Livni and Herzog merge in Zionist Union to oust Netanyahu". Euronews. She quit the traditional Likud party of the right to join the Kadima centrists before she formed the liberal Hatnuah party. He's a socialist. Together, they head the centre-left Zionist Union, with a mantra 'to defend a Jewish and democratic state'.
  23. ^ "A look at the makeup of the new Israeli government". The Oklahoman. Associated Press. 14 March 2013. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
  24. ^ Nathan Jeffay (26 September 2008). "Livni's Ascension Threatens Labor Party's Position in Future Elections". The Jewish Daily Forward. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  25. ^ Ethan Bronner (18 September 2008). "Israel's Livni to Begin Coalition Talks". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  26. ^ Ashraf Khalil (17 September 2008). "Israel's Kadima voting for a new leader". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  27. ^ See also the political compasses made for the 2013 elections by Haaretz (Archived 15 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine) and Kieskompas (Archived 5 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine) (in collaboration with the Israel Democracy Institute and The Jerusalem Post), both of which placed Hatnua led by Tzipi Livni to the left of Kadima led by Mofaz. This was the case in Kieskompas on both the vertical axis (factoring positions on Peace and Territories, Security and Terror, and Religion and State) and horizontal axis (Economy and Welfare, Civil and Human Rights, and Law and Governability), as well as Haaretz on both the vertical axis (Secular versus Religious) and horizontal axis (Left versus Right).
  28. ^ Ilan Lior; Jonathan Lis (2 December 2012). "Former Labor Party leader Amram Mitzna joins Livni's party". Haaretz. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  29. ^ Amy Teibel (20 January 2013). "Ultra-Orthodox clout may ebb after Israel election". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  30. ^ Itai Trilnick (23 December 2012). "Livni waves a big green flag". Haaretz. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  31. ^ "Hatnua 2013 platform" (PDF). IDI. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  32. ^ a b Gil Hoffman (1 January 2019). "Gabbay shocks Livni on live TV, kicks her out of Zionist Union". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  33. ^ a b Gil Hoffman (18 February 2019). "Tearful Tzipi Livni quits politics". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  34. ^ Michal Shmulovich (27 November 2012). "Tzipi Livni launches new party, 'The Movement'; promises to fight for 'democratic Israel'". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  35. ^ Guide to Israel's political parties, BBC, 21 January 2013
  36. ^ Mati Tuchfeld (21 December 2012). "Netanyahu's advantage". Israel Hayom. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
  37. ^ "Mergers and splits among parliamentary groups". Knesset. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  38. ^ "Poll: Livni strongest against Netanyahu". Ynetnews. 30 November 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  39. ^ Yuval Karni (1 December 2012). "Amram Mitzna joins Livni's new party". Ynetnews. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  40. ^ Yuval Karni (6 December 2012). "Amir Peretz joins Livni's new party". Ynetnews. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  41. ^ Jonathan Lis, "Israel's Labor Party Attacks Livni Plan to Throw Hat Into Election Race", Haaretz, 24 November 2012
  42. ^ Gil Hoffman, Politics: Livni as Netanyahu's foreign minister? Jerusalem Post, 14 December 2012
  43. ^ 18 Days to Israeli Election Livni Calls on Yacimovich, Lapid to Form United Front Against Netanyahu, Haaretz, 4 January 2013
  44. ^ Lior, Ilan; Hovel, Revital; Lis, Jonathan (6 January 2013). "Yacimovich Welcomes Livni's Call for United Centrist Front". Haaretz.
  45. ^ Winer, Stuart. "Hopes for a center-left bloc collapse as party leaders trade recriminations". THe Times of ISrael.
  46. ^ a b Meirav Arlosoroff and Sivan Klingbail, "Livni Talks to Haaretz About Politics, Economics, and the 'Greatest Tragedy Facing Israel'", Haaretz, 2013 January 18
  47. ^ Editorial (18 January 2013). "Weaken the right". Haaretz. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  48. ^ "Livni outlines Hatnuah foreign policy platform". Britain Israel Communications & Research Centre. 16 January 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
  49. ^ Sharon Udasin (21 December 2012). "Tzipi Livni Party presents environmental agenda". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
  50. ^ Gabe Fisher (6 March 2012). "Tzipi Livni called one of world's 150 most powerful women". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  51. ^ בחירות 2013: אילו מפלגות בעד נישואים חד-מיניים ומי מתנגד? [2013 Elections: Which parties support same-sex marriage and which oppose it?] (in Hebrew). Channel 2 News. 8 January 2013. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013.
  52. ^ "Winds of Change: An Analysis of Israeli Elections" (PDF). APCO Worldwide. January 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 September 2013.
  53. ^ Israel election: Who are the key candidates?, BBC (14 March 2015)
  54. ^ "Israeli government doves forming joint peace front". i24news. 22 October 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  55. ^ Jonathan Lis (11 February 2014). "Israel to implement far-reaching conversion reforms, following cabinet approval". Haaretz. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  56. ^ Alexander Murinson (28 January 2013). "Israelis prefer a right-leaning government of Netanyahu, Lapid and Bennett". Strategic Outlook. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  57. ^ Harkov, Lahav (17 December 2012). "Livni, Peretz present 'revolutionary' economic plan". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
  58. ^ "Chronology of Events in Israel and Palestine" (PDF). IEMED.
  59. ^ Yonah Jeremy Bob; Lahav Harkov; Khaled Abu Toameh; Tovah Lazaroff (30 December 2013). "Assailing the right, Livni says settlements harm Israel's security". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  60. ^ Herb Keinon (2 July 2013). "Livni: Without peace progress European boycott will move from settlements to rest of country". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  61. ^ "Israel Justice Minister: U.S. Shouldn't Give Up On Palestinian Peace Process". All Things Considered. NPR. 30 September 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2015. Robert Siegel speaks with Tzipi Livni, the Israeli Minister of Justice and the country's chief negotiator with the Palestinians, about the future of the failed peace process.
  62. ^ Herb Keinon (9 September 2014). "Livni tells parley: Israel needs daring diplomatic initiative". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  63. ^ Gil Hoffman (29 November 2012). "JPost/Smith poll: Livni party worth only six seats". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
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  67. ^ Yair Ettinger, Livni to join Netanyahu coalition, but divide remains deep on Haredi draft, Haaretz, 20 February 2013
  68. ^ Lahav Harkov; Sharon Udasin (9 November 2014). "Peretz resigns with jab at Netanyahu: Are we living in a monarchy? There is an alternative". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  69. ^ Yossi Verter (13 November 2014). "Lapid as Israel's next PM, and other fairytales". Haaretz. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  70. ^ Barak Ravid; Jonathan Lis (9 November 2014). "Peretz announces intent to resign from coalition over Netanyahu's policies". Haaretz. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  71. ^ Jeremy Ashkenas, In Netanyahu's Next Knesset, a More Compatible Coalition, New York Times, 19 March 2015
  72. ^ Itamar Sharon, Committee okays inheritance between same-sex partners, Times of Israel, 12 May 2014
  73. ^ Elie Leshem; Ilan Ben Zion (2 December 2014). "Accusing Lapid and Livni of attempted 'putsch,' Netanyahu fires them, calls elections". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  74. ^ Jonathan Lis (10 December 2014). "Labor, Livni agree to join forces ahead of elections". Haaretz. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  75. ^ "MK Stern breaks from Hatnua, blames Livni". The Times of Israel. 20 December 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
  76. ^ Stuart Winer (25 December 2014). "Two more MKs abandon Livni's Hatnua party". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  77. ^ Noa Amouyal; Gil Hoffman (25 December 2014). "Veteran MK Meir Sheetrit: I will not be in the next Knesset". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  78. ^ Hezki Ezra (23 December 2014). "MK David Tzur Resigns from Tzipi Livni's Hatnua". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
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  81. ^ Gil Hoffman (26 January 2015). "Herzog may accept invite to Washington". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  82. ^ "Labor-Hatnua adds Maj.-Gen.(res.) Eyal Ben-Reuven to list". The Jerusalem Post. 27 January 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  83. ^ Niv Elis (24 January 2013). "Disappointed Livni mum on coalition options". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
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