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Huqin

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Huqin
Classification
Related instruments
Side view of an erhu, a common huqin

Huqin (Chinese: 胡えびす琴きん; pinyin: húqin) is a family of bowed string instruments, more specifically, a spike fiddle popularly used in Chinese music.[1] The instruments consist of a round, hexagonal, or octagonal sound box at the bottom with a neck attached that protrudes upwards. They also usually have two strings, and their soundboxes are typically covered with either snakeskin (most often python) or thin wood. Huqin instruments usually have two tuning pegs, one peg for each string. The pegs are attached horizontally through holes drilled in the instrument's neck. Most huqin have the bow hair pass in between the strings. Exceptions to having two strings and pegs include variations of huqin with three, four, and sometimes even more than five. These include the zhuihu, a three stringed huqin, the sihu, a huqin of Mongolian origin, and the sanhu, a lesser-known three-stringed variation.

The most common huqin are the erhu, which is tuned to a middle range; zhonghu, which is tuned to a lower register, and gaohu, which is tuned to a higher pitch. The lowest pitched huqins include the dahu and gehu. The highest pitched huqin is the jinghu, used in the Beijing opera. Over eighty types of huqin instruments have been documented.

Huqin instruments are believed to have come from the nomadic Hu people, who lived on the extremities of ancient Chinese kingdoms, possibly descending from an instrument called the Xiqin (奚琴), originally played by the Xi tribe.Mongolian people have cultural and ethnic heritage of the ancient Hu nomads, and the Mongol version of the xiqin, known as the khuuchir, is testament to this shared heritage.[2]

In the 20th century, large bass huqin such as the dihu, gehu, and diyingehu were developed for use in modern Chinese orchestras. Of these, the gehu and diyingehu would be analogous to Occidental cellos and double basses respectively, and were designed to have a timbre that would blend in with the sound of traditional huqin. These instruments generally have four strings and fingerboards, and are played in a similar manner to cellos and double basses, and are very different from the traditional huqin.

Similar instruments also feature in the music traditions of neighboring countries, such as Mongolia, Korea, Japan, Kyrgyzstan, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Indonesia, and Laos.

List of Chinese huqin instruments

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  • Erhu (二に胡えびす); also called nanhu (南みなみ胡えびす)
  • Erquanqin (二に泉いずみ琴こと); slightly larger erhu used specifically to play the melody Erquan Yingyue (二に泉いずみ映うつ月つき)
  • Gaohu (高こう胡えびす); also called yuehu (粤胡えびす)
  • Banhu (板いた胡えびす)
  • Jinghu (京きょう胡えびす)
  • Jing erhu (京きょう二に胡えびす)
  • Zhonghu (中ちゅう胡えびす)
  • Yehu (椰胡)
  • Erxian (二に弦げん)
  • Tiqin (提琴ていきん)
  • Tihu (提ひさげ胡えびす)
  • Daguangxian (大だい广弦)
  • Datong (大筒おおづつ)photo
  • Datongxian (大筒おおづつ弦つる)photo
  • Kezaixian (壳仔弦つる) - two-stringed fiddle with coconut body, used in Taiwan opera
  • Hexian (和わ弦つる)
  • Huluhu (traditional: 葫にんにく蘆あし胡えびす; simplified: 葫にんにく芦あし胡えびす)
  • Maguhu (traditional: 馬うま骨こつ胡えびす; simplified: 马骨胡えびす)
  • Tuhu (土ど胡えびす)
  • Jiaohu (角かく胡えびす)
  • Zhuihu (traditional: 墜胡; simplified: 坠胡)
  • Zhuiqin (traditional: 墜琴; simplified: 坠琴)
  • Leiqin (雷かみなり琴きん)
  • Sihu (四よん胡えびす)
  • Sanhu (三さん胡えびす)
  • Liuhu (六ろく胡えびす)
  • Dahu (大胡おおご)
  • Dihu (低てい胡えびす)
    • Xiaodihu (小しょう低てい胡えびす)
    • Zhongdihu (中ちゅう低てい胡えびす)
    • Dadihu (大だい低てい胡えびす)
  • Cizhonghu
  • Gehu (革かわ胡えびす)
    • Diyingehu (低音ていおん革かわ胡えびす)
  • Laruan (拉ひしげ阮)
  • Paqin (琶琴)
  • Xiqin (奚琴)
  • Niutuiqin or niubatui (牛うし腿もも琴きん or 牛うし巴ともえ腿もも) (Guizhou)
  • Matouqin (馬頭ばとう琴こと) (Inner Mongolia)
  • Aijieke (艾あい捷とし克かつ) (Xinjiang)[1]
  • Sataer (萨它尔) (Xinjiang)
  • Shaoqin (韶琴) an electric erhu
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Cambodia

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Indonesia

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Sukong, Tehyan and Kongahyan are 3 similar instrument. The only difference being the size and tuning. The Sukong has a lower tuning (A and E), the Tehyan has the tuning of D and A and the Kongahyan, the smallest of the 3, has the highest tuning (G and D). These three are used throughout the island of Java and Bali for things like "Gambang Keromong", "Lenong", "Ondel-ondel", and "Topeng Betawi".

Japan

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  • Kokyū (Japan) (though this is actually descended from the rebab and related instruments, through South East Asia and the Ryukyu islands)[3]

Korea

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Kyrgyzstan/Kazakhstan

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Mongolia

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Thailand

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Tuva

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Vietnam

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ "Information about Chinese Instruments | the Chinese Fine Arts Society". Archived from the original on 2010-06-11. Retrieved 2011-02-22.
  2. ^ "Үндэстний нэвтэрхий толь". Archived from the original on 2013-11-16. Retrieved 2015-04-08. Хуучир mongol.undesten.mn
  3. ^ Minoru, Miki 2008, Composing for Japanese Instruments, pp 116-117
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