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Mass media in Libya

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Main article: Economy of Libya

Mass media in Libya describes the overall environment for the radio, television, telephone, Internet, and newspaper markets in Libya.

The control of the media by Colonel Gaddafi's regime came to an end after the fall of Tripoli in August 2011, resulting in a mushrooming of new media outlets. Journalists are still experiencing extortion and blackmail, and are subject to assassinations since the beginning of the second civil war circa 2012 - 2016. Libya has adopted a few media laws outlawing the slander of the 17th February revolution, and active political parties that used to have affiliation with Gaddafi. [citation needed]

[Update 2016]: On 2013, Sharia law was adopted by Islamic Supreme court of Tripoli. Internet censorship has been invoked. Since the second civil war, journalists have been persecuted through kidnapping, assassination, and blackmail. Media outlets have been bombed and some strafed with small arms fire, over the course of 2013 - 2016. Freedom of speech has suffered a few blows since the killing of activists and bloggers making the country unsafe to freely report news or protest. These events appear to have happened during the period when Islamic brotherhood - or "more inclined to Islamic values" GNC political parties led by Nouri Abusahmein, who have issued a number of reforms or decrees that would formulate a more Islamic nation in Tripoli, that led to the creation of more fundamentalist laws (such as Internet censorship and adaptation of vague rules in reporting news banning critique of the February 17th revolution).

However, due to the breakup of country politically and the infighting between militia and authorities, and the rivalry to the Muslim brotherhood or, simply known as 'more salafi or fundamentalist Islamists' parties or groups, the country has fragmented in a plethora of different political beliefs. Including, the laws recently adopted by the Libyan Supreme court that affect the running of the country, which do not represent the rights and interests of all Libyan people, but seemingly, only the Islamic majority.

As of 2016, the new Unity government of national accord led by Faiez Seraj agreed to and organised with the help of the UN, is attempting to bring about political unity between the HoR of Tobruk and other governments to assess unity in the country, by removing the illegitimate and expired governments set up during the second civil war (such as Nouri Abusahmein's GNC), to in good faith re-balance the Libyan crisis.

Radio

[edit]

First radio service began in 1939 in Libya.[1]

  • Libya Radio and Television (LRT) is the successor to the Gaddafi-era state broadcaster. Dozens of radio outlets, many privately owned, broadcast from Libyan cities and from Middle East media hubs. The BBC World Service Arabic broadcasts on 91.5 FM in Tripoli, Benghazi, and Misrata.[2]
Radio stations
  • Al Aan FM: Broadcasts on 105.3 MHz, covering Al Bayda, Al Marj, Benghazi, Misrata, Labraq, Nalut, Sabha, Susah, Tobruk and Tripoli.
  • Allibya FM[3]
  • Libya FM - Egypt-based
  • Libya Radio and Television (LRT) - state-run, operates Radio Libya, Al-Shababiyah, Al-Itha'ah al-Wataniya
  • LJBC Radio
  • Tribute FM: an English-language internet station broadcasting from Benghazi[4]
  • Voice of Africa
  • Voice of Free Libya - Benghazi-based, Al-Bayda, Misurata
Radio
1.35 million (1997)[5][needs update]

Television

[edit]
Main article: Television in Libya

Libyan Radio and Television (LRT) is the successor to the Gaddafi-era state broadcaster. More than 20 TV stations, many privately owned, broadcast from Libyan cities and from Middle East media hubs.[2]

Television receivers
889,232 receivers, 149 per 1000 inhabitants (2005)[6][needs update]
Television broadcast stations

Telephones

[edit]

In the course of the 2011 Libyan civil war, the government severed the physical communications links between the rebel-held east and the rest of Libya. However, the newer and less centralised Libyana network held copies of the HLR and engineers were able to restore some local services. With some assistance from the international community, and funded by an expatriate Libyan, a limited international service became available in mid-April. NTC officials were reported to be negotiating with Qtel, the Qatari-owned service provider, to restore full service to the rebel-held areas.[7]

Telephones
  • 814,000 fixed subscriptions, 12.58 per 100 inhabitants (2012)[8]
  • 1,228,300 fixed subscriptions, 19.33 per 100 inhabitants (2010)[9]
  •   9.6 million mobile cellular subscriptions, 148.19 per 100 inhabitants (2012)[10]
  • 10.9 million mobile cellular subscriptions, 171.52 per 100 inhabitants (2010)[10]
Mobile telephone operators

International dialing code: +218[11]

Internet

[edit]
See also: Internet censorship in Libya

Facebook, X, and YouTube played important roles in bringing news to the world audience during the revolt. Facebook remains a favorite platform to view and comment on the news.

Internet censorship
was applied in 2013 blocking 'pornographic material' however was found to block other non pornographic related websites, including proxy sites and some political websites that belonged to rival groups / governments.

[references outdated] Please update[2]

Social Media users
  • 1,115,025 users, 19.9% of the population (2012)[12]
904,604 users, 14.0% (2010)[13]
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions
  • 67,300 subscriptions, 111th in the world, 1.0 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants (2012)[14]
  • 72,800 subscriptions, 98th in the world, 1.2 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants (2010)[15]
Internet hosts
  • 17,926 hosts, 121st in the world (2012)[16]
  • 17,787 hosts, 122nd in the world (2011)[17]
IPv4 addresses allocated
  • 299,008 addresses, 105th in the world, 44.4 per 1000 inhabitants (2012)[18]
Top-level domain
.ly[11]
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

The Internet and telecommunications are mainly run by the government through a semi-private telecommunication company Libya Telecom & Technology. The company moderates and controls the use of the Internet in Libya.

The Internet and the Libyan revolution

[edit]
See also: Free speech in the media during the Libyan revolution

In 2006 Reporters Without Borders (RWB) removed Libya from their list of Internet enemies after a fact-finding visit found no evidence of Internet censorship.[19] The OpenNet Initiative’s 2007–2008 technical test results contradicted that conclusion, however.[20] In 2009 ONI classified Internet filtering in Libya as selective in the political area and as no evidence in social, conflict/security, and Internet tools.[21]

Prior to the Libyan revolution, Internet filtering under the Gaddafi regime had become more selective, focusing on a few political opposition Web sites. This relatively lenient filtering policy coincided with what was arguably a trend toward greater openness and increasing freedom of the press. However, the legal and political climate continued to encourage self-censorship in online media.[20]

On 18 February 2011, the day after the first protests that were to lead to the 2011 Libyan revolution, Libya appeared to have withdrawn all of its BGP prefix announcements from the Internet for a short period, cutting it off from the rest of the global Internet. The prefix were re-advertised six hours later.[22]

There was no traffic for several hours on 19 and 20 February. Service picked up over the next few days to almost normal levels until, at 6:00am on 3 March, traffic effectively ceased (except for very limited satellite links). The government had severed the underwater backbone fibre-optic cable that runs along the coast, linking networks in the east and servers in the west of the country. Engineers reckon the break is between the cities of Misrata and Khoms, and may be a physical or electronic rupture.[7]

From 10 July traffic began increasing again, and after a brief shutdown on 15 July, it was reaching about 15% of its pre-17 February levels up to 22 August, the day Tripoli fell to the rebels. Traffic began increasing again at that point, and as of 2 September was reaching daily levels in excess of 50% and often as high as 75% of pre-war levels.[23]

The overthrow of the Gaddafi regime in the fall of 2011 did not end an era of censorship. In 2012, RWB removed Libya from its list of countries under surveillance.[24]

Newspapers

[edit]
See also: List of newspapers in Libya

Following the fall of the Gaddafi regime in August 2011 former state-affiliated dailies have closed and new titles have appeared, many short-lived. Benghazi has emerged as a publishing hub. There are as yet few daily newspapers and print runs are small.[2]

Daily newspapers
Weekly newspapers
News agencies and websites

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Yushi Chiba (2010). "Media History of Modern Egypt: A Critical Review". Kyoto Working Papers on Area Studies: G-COE Series. 84: 6. hdl:2433/155745.
  2. ^ a b c d "Libya profile: Media" Archived 2 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 7 March 2012
  3. ^ "Allibya FM". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
  4. ^ "Tribute - Home". Archived from the original on 30 July 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
  5. ^ "Radio receivers" in Libya > Media at NationMasters Archived 2 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine, 1997, accessed 6 July 2012
  6. ^ "Libyan Arab Jamahiriya" Archived 2015-03-29 at the Wayback Machine, World Statistics Pocketbook, Series V No. 31, Statistics Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations (New York), 2007, accessed 6 July 2012
  7. ^ a b "How 'rebel' phone network evaded shutdown" Archived 6 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Evan Hill, Al Jazeera, 23 April 2011
  8. ^ "Fixed telephone subscriptions 2000-2012" Archived 25 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine, International Telecommunication Union, accessed 26 August 2013
  9. ^ "Fixed telephone subscriptions 2000-2010" Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, International Telecommunication Union, accessed 6 July 2012
  10. ^ a b "Mobile-cellular subscriptions 2000-2012" Archived 25 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine, International Telecommunication Union, accessed 26 August 2013
  11. ^ a b "CIA World Factbook: Libya" Archived 9 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 26 June 2012
  12. ^ "Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000-2012" Archived 9 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine, International Telecommunication Union, accessed 26 August 2013.
  13. ^ "Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000-2010" Archived 13 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine, International Telecommunication Union, accessed 16 April 2012.
  14. ^ Fixed broadband subscriptions Archived 25 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine, International Telecommunication Union. Accessed on 26 August 2013.
  15. ^ Fixed broadband subscriptions Archived 25 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine, International Telecommunication Union. Accessed on 8 April 2012.
  16. ^ "Internet hosts" Archived 13 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, CIA World Factbook, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, accessed 26 August 2013
  17. ^ "Internet hosts" Archived 13 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, CIA World Factbook, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, accessed 2 April 2012
  18. ^ Select Formats Archived 2009-05-13 at the Wayback Machine, Country IP Blocks. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Site is said to be updated daily.
  19. ^ List of the 13 Internet enemies Archived 2010-05-22 at the Wayback Machine Reporters Without Borders (Paris), 11 July 2006.
  20. ^ a b "ONI Country Profile: Libya" Archived 29 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine, OpenNet Initiative, 6 August 2009
  21. ^ "ONI Country Profiles" Archived 26 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Research section at the OpenNet Initiative web site, a collaborative partnership of the Citizen Lab at the Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto; the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University; and the SecDev Group, Ottawa
  22. ^ James Cowie (18 February 2011). "Libyan Disconnect". Renesys. Archived from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  23. ^ Graphs of Google traffic Archived 29 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, which give a reasonable picture of all Internet traffic, Google Transparency Report, accessed 6 July 2012
  24. ^ Internet Enemies Archived 2012-03-23 at the Wayback Machine, Reporters Without Borders (Paris), 12 March 2012
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