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Li Nong

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Li Nong
李り農みのり
Grand Governor (太宰だざい)
In office
350 (350)–350 (350)
MonarchRan Min
Grand Marshal (大だい司馬しば)
In office
349 (349)–350 (350)
MonarchShi Jian/Shi Min
Personal details
BornUnknown
Died350
ChildrenThree unnamed sons
OccupationMilitary general, Politician
In this Chinese name, the family name is Li.

Li Nong (died 350) was a Chinese military general and politician of the Later Zhao and Ran Wei dynasties during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. He was a notable official under Later Zhao's emperor Shi Hu, fighting against the Jin and Former Yan dynasties. When the conflict between Shi Hu's family and his adopted ethnic Han grandson Shi Min (who later changed his name to Ran Min) arose in 349, he allied with the latter, and together they brought upon the destruction of Later Zhao, ending what was virtually a 20-year-long unity in northern China. However, just a year after, Li Nong and his family were executed by Ran Min for unspecified reasons.

Early career

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Early career

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Li Nong first appeared in history in 335. At the time, he was already Shi Hu's Minister over the Masses who he tasked in paying respects to the Buddhist monk Fotudeng and check on his health twice daily.[1]

In 339, the Jin commander, Yu Liang, who had long intended to launch a campaign against Later Zhao, unknowingly provoked Shi Hu by camping at Zhucheng (邾城, in modern Huanggang, Hubei). Knowing that an invasion was imminent, Shi Hu ordered five of his generals, of which Li Nong and Shi Min were a part of, led by Kui An to attack Jingzhou and Yangzhou and Yu's base at Zhucheng. In the attack, Li Nong managed to capture Jin territories south of the Mian river(沔水, a historical name for the Han River) together with Kui An. The overall assault was a major success for Later Zhao, as many Jin generals and soldiers either died or surrendered and territorial gains were made while Yu Liang decided to call off his invasion upon hearing the losses.[2]

The same year, Li Nong was stationed at Lingzhi and appointed Commissioner Bearing Credentials, Chief of military affairs in Liaoxi and Beiping, General Who Conquers the East, and Governor of Yingzhou. He attacked the Former Yan city of Fancheng (凡城, in modern Kazuo County, Liaoning) but was repelled by Yue Wan.[3]

Shi Hu's succession crisis

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In 348, Shi Hu's eldest son and heir Shi Xuan (石いし宣せん) assassinated his brother Shi Tao (石いし韜) who was greatly favoured by their father. Shi Xuan announced his death to Shi Hu, who at the time did not know that Xuan was responsible for his death. Shi Hu intended to visit the body, but Li Nong prevented him, advising that the assassins were most likely still around. Soon enough, the truth was revealed, and Shi Hu had Shi Xuan brutally executed.[4]

With his eldest and favourite dead, he was left with his youngest son Shi Shi, whose mother was Consort Liu, a favorite of Shi Hu. Shi Hu had Li Nong set a petition to have the ministers choose Shi Shi as Crown Prince. In 349, Shi Hu declared himself as emperor and granted a general amnesty. However, this amnesty did not include Shi Xuan's guards who were exiled to Liangzhou after his execution. In response, their captain Liang Du (梁りょう犢) rebelled, and they marched towards Luoyang, defeating the Later Zhao generals in their way. Li Nong was made Grand General and sent to stop Liang Du's advance but was also defeated and forced to retreat. Fortunately for Shi Hu, Liang Du was eventually killed by Yao Yizhong.[5]

Death of Shi Hu and alliance with Shi Min

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Reign of Shi Shi

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Shi Hu died the same year he crowned himself emperor. Just after Shi Shi ascended the throne, an attempt on Li Nong's life was made. The Prime Minister Zhang Chai intended to get rid of Li Nong, who was the Minister of Works at the time. Li Nong's friend Zhang Ju (張ちょう舉), despite being a part of the plot, informed him before the plan could be carried due to their friendship. Li Nong took shelter at Shangbai (上白じょうはく, in modern-day Guangzong County, Hebei) where he defended himself with the Qihuo troops whilst Empress Dowager Liu ordered Zhang Ju to besiege him.[6]

Reign of Shi Zun

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The siege was lifted when Shi Zun, Shi Hu's son through his former empress Zheng Yingtao, launched a coup against Shi Shi and Empress Dowager Liu and put them to death. Li Nong returned to court to explain his initial decision in supporting Shi Shi and was pardoned. Shi Zun's brother, Shi Chong (石いし沖おき) rebelled after knowing about Shi Shi's death intending to avenge him. Li Nong and Shi Min battled Shi Chong at Pingji (平ひら棘とげ, in modern day Zhao County, Hebei), where the latter's army was annihilated. Shi Chong was then forced to commit suicide.[7]

Meanwhile, the Jin dynasty took notice of the Shi family's internal strife. The Jin minister Chu Pou was made Grand Commander to take advantage of it. As the people of Lu commandery offered their surrender to the Jin forces, Chu Pou sent Wang Kan (王おう龕がん) and Li Mai (李り邁) to gather them. Li Nong fought them at Dai slope (代だい陂, east of present-day Tengzhou, Shandong) where he captured Wang Kan and killed Li Mai. The defeat forced Chu Pou to retreat south.[8]

Although Shi Min had been a staunch supporter of Shi Zun, their relationship broke down when Zun did not appoint Min as the Crown Prince despite his promise. Discussions were made between Shi Zun, Empress Dowager Zheng, and the other princes on getting rid of Shi Min. However, one prince, Shi Jian decided to alert Shi Min of this. Shi Min forced Li Nong to conspire with him, and together they surrounded Shi Zun's house. They executed him along with the Empress Dowager and their loyal ministers.[9]

Reign of Shi Jian

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Shi Jian was installed as the new emperor, but real power was held by Shi Min and Li Nong, with Li being the Grand Marshal. During the two's time in power, numerous assassination attempts were made to remove them. The first was carried out by Shi Jian and his brother Shi Bao, who engineered a night raid but failed and was caught instead. Shi Jian pretended not to know anything of the plot, so he was spared while Shi Bao and the other perpetrators were executed. Another attempt by Shi Jian's family was made, consisting of Shi Cheng, Shi Chi and Shi Hui, although without Jian's knowledge, but all three were defeated and killed by Li Nong and Shi Min. The third plot was headed Sun Fudu (孫まご伏ふし都と) and Liu Zhu (劉りゅう銖), with both generals intending to restore the emperor's authority. When Shi Jian heard about their plan, he supported them wholeheartedly. Sun Fudu and Liu Zhu waited for Li Nong and Shi Min in the capital to ambush them, but they too were defeated. Shi Jian became fearful and turned on Sun Fudu. Much like the conspirators before, Shi Min and Li Nong killed Sun Fudu and his men.[10]

In 350, Shi Min renamed the state of Zhao to Wei (衛まもる) and changed the name of the Shi clan to Li, intending to eradicate the clan through a prophecy. This caused panic among the Shi and their ministers, who all fled to the Prince of Xinxing, Shi Zhi in Xiangguo (襄じょう國こく, in modern Xingtai, Hebei). Most of Zhao's administrators such as Pu Hong and Yao Yizhong refused to submit to Shi Min and either broke away from the regime or joined forces with Shi Zhi. Finally, Shi Jian made one last attempt at killing Shi Min and Li Nong. He sent a eunuch to General Zhang Chen (張ちょう沈) to organize an attack on Yecheng but instead, the eunuch betrayed Shi Jian and revealed the plan, causing Shi Min and Li Nong to rush back to the capital. Shi Jian was executed and the remaining members of the Shi clan in the city were eradicated.[11]

Ran Wei and death

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After Shi Jian's death, the minister Shen Zhong urged Shi Min to claim the title of emperor. Shi Min refused, declaring himself a subject of Jin and instead offered the throne to Li Nong, but he too declined. Thus, in the end, Shi Min took the throne and established his state of Wei (魏たかし). Shi Min also changed his family name back to Ran, and appointed Li Nong as Grand Governor and Prince of Qi. His sons were also made dukes.[12]

Li Nong would not hold his new titles for long, as he and his three sons were executed as a part of a government purge by Ran Min. The exact reasons for his death were unknown.[13]

References

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  1. ^ (使つかい司し空そら李り農みのり旦夕たんせき問とい起居ききょ，太子たいし、諸公しょこう五ご日にち一朝いっちょう。) Zizhi Tongjian, volume 95.
  2. ^ (九きゅう月がつ，石せき季き龍りゅう將すすむ夔安、李り農みのり陷おちい沔南，張ちょう貉むじな陷おちい邾城，因いん寇江夏なつ、義よし陽ひ，征せい虜とりこ將軍しょうぐん毛げ寶たから、西陽にしび太守たいしゅ樊俊、義よし陽ひ太守たいしゅ鄭てい進すすむ並なみ死し之の。夔安等とう進しん圍かこえ石城せきじょう，竟陵太守たいしゅ李り陽よう距戰，破やぶ之これ，斬首ざんしゅ五ご千せん餘あまり級きゅう。安やす乃退，遂とげ略りゃく漢かん東ひがし，擁よう七なな千餘家遷于幽冀。) Book of Jin, volume 7.
  3. ^ (虎とら以撫軍ぐん將軍しょうぐん李り農みのり為ため使し持じ節ぶし、監かん遼りょう西にし、北平きたひら諸しょ軍事ぐんじ、征せい東ひがし將軍しょうぐん、營州牧まき，鎮令支ささえ。農のう帥そち眾三さん萬與征北大將軍張舉攻燕凡城。) Zizhi Tongjian, volume 96.
  4. ^ (乃夜入にゅう韜第而殺之の。虎とら將はた出で臨韜喪も，其司空そら李り農みのり諫，乃止。) Book of Northern Wei, volume 95.
  5. ^ (季き龍りゅう末まつ，梁りょう犢敗李り農みのり于滎陽ひ，季き龍りゅう大だい懼，馳はせ召弋仲なか。) Book of Jin, volume 116.
  6. ^ (豺與太よた尉じょう張ちょう舉謀誅司空そら李り農みのり，舉素與あずか農のう善ぜん，密告みっこく之の；農のう奔廣宗むね，帥そち乞活數すう萬まん家いえ保ほ上白じょうはく。劉りゅう氏し使し張ちょう舉統宿衛しゅくえい諸しょ軍ぐん圍かこえ之これ。豺以張ちょう離はなれ爲ため鎮軍大將軍だいしょうぐん，監かん中外ちゅうがい諸しょ軍事ぐんじ，以爲己おのれ副ふく。) Zizhi Tongjian, volume 98.
  7. ^ (遵馳遣や王おう擢以書しょ喻沖，沖おき弗どる聽。遵假石せき閔黃鉞、金きむ鉦かね，與あずか李り農みのり等とう率りつ精せい卒そつ十じゅう萬まん討之。戰せん于平棘とげ，沖おき師し大敗たいはい，獲え沖おき於元氏し，賜たまもの死し，坑あな其士卒そつ三さん萬まん餘人よにん。) Book of Jin, volume 107.
  8. ^ (褚裒遣部將ぶしょう王おう龕がん、李り邁及石せき遵將李り農みのり戰せん于代陂，王師おうし敗はい績，王おう龕がん爲ため農のう所しょ執と，李り邁死之の。八はち月がつ，褚裒退屯たむろ廣陵こうりょう，西中にしなか郎ろう將はた陳ひね逵焚壽ことぶき春はる而遁。) Book of Jin, volume 8.
  9. ^ (十じゅう一いち月がつ，石せき閔劫司し空そら李り農みのり及右衛まもる王おう基はじめ，密謀みつぼう其廢遵。) Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms, volume 2.
  10. ^ (龍りゅう驤將軍ぐん孫まご伏ふし都と、劉りゅう銖等結ゆい羯士三さん千せん人にん，伏ふく於胡天てん，亦また欲よく誅閔等とう。時とき鑒在中臺ちゅうたい，伏ふし都と帥そち三さん十じゅう餘人よにん，將はた升ます臺だい挾はさみ鑒以攻おさむ之これ。鑒見而問其故，伏ふし都と曰：「閔、農のう等とう反はん，已やめ在ざい東ひがし掖わき門もん，臣しん嚴げん衛士えじ，謹先啟けい知ち。」鑒曰：「卿きょう好こう陳ひね力りょく，勿憂無む報ほう也。」伏ふし都と等とう攻おさむ閔，不ふ尅。閔、農のう攻おさむ斬き伏ふし都と等とう，自じ鳳おおとり陽よう門かど至いたる琨華，橫よこ尸しかばね相しょう枕まくら。) Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms, volume 2.
  11. ^ (閔與李り農みのり率りつ騎き三さん萬討張賀度于石瀆，鑒密遣や宦者齎書召張沈等，使つかい承うけたまわ虛むなし襲かさね鄴。宦者以告閔、農のう，閔、農のう馳はせ還かえ，廢はい鑒殺之の，誅季龍りゅう孫まご三さん十じゅう八はち人にん，盡つき殪石氏し。鑒在位ざいい一いち百ひゃく三さん日にち。) Book of Jin, volume 107.
  12. ^ (閔復姓ふくせい冉氏。追つい尊みこと祖そ隆たかし元もと皇帝こうてい，考こう瞻烈祖そ高だか皇帝こうてい。尊みこと母はは王おう氏し為ため太ふとし后きさき，妻つま董ただし氏し為ため皇后こうごう，子し智さとし為ため皇太子こうたいし。以司馬ば李り農みのり為ため太宰だざい，諸子しょし皆みな封ふう為ため縣けん公こう。) Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms, volume 2.
  13. ^ (石いし祗聞鑒死，僭稱せんしょう尊號そんごう于襄國こく，諸しょ六夷據州郡擁兵者皆應之。閔遣使し臨江告つげ晉すすむ曰：「胡えびす逆ぎゃく亂らん中原なかはら，今いま已やめ誅之。若わか能のう共ども討者，可か遣や軍ぐん來らい也。」朝廷ちょうてい不ふ答こたえ。閔誅李り農みのり及其三さん子し，並なみ尚書しょうしょ令れい王おう謨、侍さむらい中ちゅう王おう衍、中ちゅう常つね侍さむらい嚴いむ震しん、趙ちょう升ます等とう。) Book of Jin, volume 107.
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