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Lu Wan

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Lu Wan
盧の綰たがね
King of Donghu (東ひがし胡えびす王おう)
Tenure195–194 BC
SuccessorUnknown
King of Yan (燕つばめ王おう)
Tenure202–195 BC
PredecessorZang Tu
SuccessorLiu Jian
BornUnknown
Feng County, Jiangsu
Died194 BC
OccupationMilitary general, monarch, politician
In this Chinese name, the family name is Lu.

Lu Wan (died 194 BC) was a Chinese military general, monarch, and politician who served as the vassal king of the early Han dynasty. He served under Liu Bang (Emperor Gaozu), the founding emperor of the Han dynasty.

Early life

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Lu Wan was from Feng Town (豐ゆたか邑), which is in present-day Feng County, Jiangsu. His father and Liu Bang's father were close friends, as were Liu Bang and him. He shared the same birthday as Liu Bang and studied in the same school as him.[1]

Around 209 BC, when Liu Bang rebelled against the Qin dynasty, Lu Wan supported him in the rebellion. After the collapse of the Qin dynasty in 206 BC, Xiang Yu, the de facto leader of the rebel forces that overthrew Qin, divided the former Qin Empire into the Eighteen Kingdoms, each ruled by a king who nominally paid allegiance to Emperor Yi of Chu, the puppet monarch he controlled. Liu Bang became the King of Han and was given Hanzhong and the Bashu region (present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) as his domain. He appointed Lu Wan as a General (將軍しょうぐん) and Palace Attendant (侍さむらい中ちゅう). Later on, when Liu Bang engaged Xiang Yu in a power struggle – historically known as the Chu–Han Contention (206–202 BC) – for supremacy over China, Lu Wan accompanied Liu Bang into battle as the Grand Commandant (太ふとし尉じょう) of the Han army. Because of his close friendship with Liu Bang, he received many gifts from Liu Bang and was allowed to enter Liu Bang's living quarters freely. Even Liu Bang's other close aides, including Xiao He and Cao Shen, did not receive the same level of treatment from their lord as Lu Wan. Liu Bang also gave Lu Wan a title of nobility – Marquis of Chang'an (長安ながやす侯こう).[2]

Service under the Han dynasty

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In the winter of 202 BC, after Liu Bang defeated Xiang Yu at the Battle of Gaixia, he ordered Lu Wan and Liu Jia (劉りゅう賈) to lead troops to attack Gong Wei, the King of Linjiang. Lu Wan and Liu Jia defeated Gong Wei, conquered Linjiang, and returned by the seventh lunar month of the following year. Lu Wan later followed Liu Bang to attack Zang Tu, the King of Yan, whom they defeated. By then, Liu Bang had unified most – if not all – of the former Eighteen Kingdoms under his control and established the Han Empire with himself as its first emperor; he is historically known as Emperor Gaozu of the Han dynasty. Although Liu Bang had already awarded vassal king titles to seven men who were not from his own clan, he wanted to make Lu Wan a vassal king as well so he sought his subjects' opinions. Liu Bang's subjects were well aware of Lu Wan's close relationship with the emperor, so they nominated Lu Wan on the grounds that he had made great contributions in the battles against the rival kingdoms. In the eighth lunar month of 202, Lu Wan was formally created King of Yan.[3]

Secretly contacting Chen Xi and the Xiongnu

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In the autumn of 197 BC, Chen Xi started a rebellion and declared himself the King of Dai. Emperor Gaozu personally led an army to suppress the rebellion, while Lu Wan led another army to help the emperor by attacking Chen Xi from the northeast. Chen Xi sent Wang Huang (王おう黃き) as a messenger to seek help from the Xiongnu; Lu Wan also sent his subordinate, Zhang Sheng (張ちょう勝まさる), to meet the Xiongnu and spread news that Chen Xi was going to be defeated, and urge the Xiongnu to refrain from helping him. On his way to Xiongnu territory, Zhang Sheng met Zang Yan (臧衍), Zang Tu's son, who was living in exile. Zang Yan told him that the Kingdom of Yan was able to remain stable and continue its existence because the Han central government was occupied with suppressing the rebellions. He further explained that as long as there was conflict, Yan would continue to serve a useful function: to help the Han central government fight opposing forces. If conflict ceased, Yan would lose its purpose and might end up like the other vassal kingdoms which had already been dismantled (and their rulers were killed, some on false charges of treason). Zhang Sheng heeded Zang Yan's advice to secretly arrange with the Xiongnu to help Chen Xi attack the Kingdom of Yan. When Lu Wan heard that Zhang Sheng was plotting with the Xiongnu to attack his domain, he wrote a memorial to Emperor Gaozu to seek permission to have Zhang Sheng's family executed because Zhang committed treason. However, after Zhang Sheng returned and explained everything to him, Lu Wan realised his folly and spared Zhang Sheng's family. He then sent Zhang Sheng to continue to remain in contact with the Xiongnu, and sent Fan Qi (范齊) to contact Chen Xi and secretly arrange to help Chen Xi prolong the survival of his rebel regime.[4]

Emperor Gaozu's suspicions towards Lu Wan

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In 195 BC, Emperor Gaozu led an army to attack Ying Bu, a vassal king who had rebelled against him. At the same time, he ordered Fan Kuai to lead another army to attack Chen Xi. One of Chen Xi's subordinates who surrendered to Fan Kuai revealed that Fan Qi, Lu Wan's subordinate, had been secretly maintaining contact with Chen Xi. Emperor Gaozu became suspicious of Lu Wan so he summoned Lu Wan to the capital for questioning, but Lu Wan claimed that he was ill. The emperor then sent Shen Yiji (審しん食しょく其) and Zhao Yao (趙ちょう堯) to fetch Lu Wan to the capital and conduct an investigation in the Kingdom of Yan. Lu Wan became very fearful when heard about it so he pretended to be ill and confined himself at home and refused to meet Shen Yiji and Zhao Yao. He told his close aides, "Of all the vassal kings not from the imperial clan, only Wu Chen (吳ご臣しん) and I are left. Hán Xin and Peng Yue lost their lives because of Empress Lü. His Majesty is ill and has entrusted all state affairs to the Empress. The Empress is seeking excuses to eliminate all the non-imperial clan nobles and subjects who have made great contributions." He continued to pretend to be sick. When Shen Yiji returned to the capital, he reported to Emperor Gaozu what Lu Wan said to his aides. The emperor was furious. Later, after learning from Xiongnu prisoners-of-war that Lu Wan had sent Zhang Sheng to contact the Xiongnu, Emperor Gaozu became angrier and more convinced that Lu Wan was plotting a rebellion.[5]

Death

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In the second lunar month of 195 BC, Emperor Gaozu ordered Fan Kuai to lead an army to attack Lu Wan. Lu Wan gathered all his family members and subordinates, numbering a few thousand people in total, escaped from the Kingdom of Yan, and settled down at a location near the Great Wall. He planned to turn himself in to Emperor Gaozu and plead for forgiveness after the emperor had recovered from his illness. However, Emperor Gaozu died two months later before Lu Wan could do so. When Lu Wan received news of Emperor Gaozu's death, he gathered his family and subordinates and fled to Xiongnu territory. The Xiongnu gave him the title of King Lu of Donghu (東ひがし胡えびす盧の王おう). While living in exile, Lu Wan was often attacked and robbed by the barbarians, and he often thought of returning home. He died a year later in exile.[6]

Family and descendants

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When Empress Lü ruled the Han Empire as regent after Emperor Gaozu's death, Lu Wan's family members managed to return to Han territory. They wanted to meet her but she died of illness before they could meet. Lu Wan's widow also died of illness not long later.[7]

In 144 BC, Lu Wan's grandson, Lu Tazhi (盧の他た之これ), who had inherited the title of King of Donghu (東ひがし胡えびす王おう), surrendered to the Han Empire and was enfeoffed as the Marquis of Yagu (亞あ谷たに侯こう).[8]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ (盧の綰たがね者しゃ，豐ゆたか人じん也，與あずか高祖こうそ同どう里さと。盧の綰たがね親おや與あずか高祖こうそ太ふとし上皇じょうこう相愛そうあい，及生男おとこ，高祖こうそ、盧の綰たがね同どう日生にっせい，里さと中持なかもち羊ひつじ酒しゅ賀が兩家りょうけ。及高祖こうそ、盧の綰たがね壯たけし，俱學書しょ，又また相愛そうあい也。里中さとなか嘉よしみ兩家りょうけ親おや相愛そうあい，生子おいご同日どうじつ，壯たけし又また相愛そうあい，復ふく賀が兩家りょうけ羊ひつじ酒しゅ。高祖こうそ為ため布衣ふい時じ，有ゆう吏事辟匿，盧の綰たがね常つね隨ずい出入でいり上下じょうげ。) Shi Ji vol. 93.
  2. ^ (及高祖こうそ初はつ起おこり沛，盧の綰たがね以客從したがえ，入にゅう漢かん中ちゅう為ため將軍しょうぐん，常つね侍さむらい中ちゅう。從したがえ東ひがし擊げき項こう籍せき，以太尉じょう常つね從したがえ，出入でいり卧內，衣ころも被ひ飲食いんしょく賞賜しょうし，羣臣莫敢望もち，雖蕭曹等，特とく以事見み禮れい，至いたり其親幸こう，莫及盧の綰たがね。綰たがね封ふう為ため長安ながやす侯こう。長安ながやす，故こ咸陽也。) Shi Ji vol. 93.
  3. ^ (漢かん五ご年ねん冬ふゆ，以破項こう籍せき，迺使盧の綰たがね別べつ將はた，與あずか劉りゅう賈擊臨江王おう共ども尉じょう，破やぶ之これ。七月しちがつ還かえ，從したがえ擊げき燕つばめ王おう臧荼，臧荼降。高祖こうそ已やめ定てい天下てんか，諸侯しょこう非ひ劉りゅう氏し而王者しゃ七なな人にん。欲よく王おう盧の綰たがね，為ため羣臣觖望。及虜臧荼，迺下詔みことのり諸しょ將しょう相しょう列侯れっこう，擇よ羣臣有功ゆうこう者しゃ以為燕つばめ王おう。羣臣知ち上じょう欲ほっ王おう盧の綰たがね，皆みな言げん曰：「太ふとし尉じょう長安ながやす侯こう盧の綰たがね常つね從したがえ平定へいてい天下でんか，功こう最多さいた，可か王おう燕つばめ。」詔みことのり許もと之の。漢かん五ご年ねん八はち月がつ，迺立虜とりこ綰たがね為ため燕つばめ王おう。諸侯しょこう王おう得とく幸こう莫如燕つばめ王おう。) Shi Ji vol. 93.
  4. ^ (漢かん十じゅう一いち年ねん秋あき，陳ちん豨反代地だいち，高祖こうそ如邯鄲かんたん擊げき豨兵，燕つばめ王おう綰たがね亦また擊げき其東北とうほく。當とう是ぜ時じ，陳ちん豨使王おう黃き求もとめ救すくい匈奴きょうど。燕つばめ王おう綰たがね亦また使つかい其臣張ちょう勝まさる於匈奴やつ，言げん豨等軍ぐん破やぶ。張ちょう勝まさる至いたり胡えびす，故こ燕つばめ王おう臧茶子こ衍出亡ほろび在ざい胡えびす，見張みはり勝しょう曰：「公所ぐぞ以重於燕者しゃ，以習胡えびす事ごと也。燕つばめ所以ゆえん久ひさ存そん者しゃ，以諸侯こう數すう反たん，兵へい連れん不ふ決けつ也。今こん公おおやけ為ため燕つばめ欲ほし急きゅう滅めつ豨等，已やめ盡つき，次じ亦また至いたり燕つばめ，公おおやけ等とう亦また且為虜とりこ矣。公おおやけ何なん不ふ令れい燕つばめ且緩陳ひね豨而與胡えびす和わ？事こと寬ひろし，得とく長王ながおう燕つばめ；即そく有漢うかん急きゅう，可か以安國こく。」張ちょう勝以かつもち為ため然しか，迺私令れい匈奴きょうど助じょ豨等擊げき燕つばめ。燕つばめ王おう綰たがね疑うたぐ張ちょう勝まさる與あずか胡えびす反はん，上書うわがき請族張ちょう勝まさる。勝かち還かえ，具ぐ道どう所以ゆえん為ため者しゃ。燕つばめ王おう寤，迺詐論ろん他人たにん，脫だつ勝かち家か屬ぞく，使つかい得う為ため匈奴きょうど間あいだ，而陰使し范齊之の陳ひね豨所，欲よく令れい久ひさ亡ほろび，連れん兵へい勿決。) Shi Ji vol. 93.
  5. ^ (漢かん十じゅう二に年ねん，東ひがし擊げき黥布，豨常將兵しょうへい居きょ代だい，漢かん使し樊噲擊げき斬き豨。其裨將はた降くだ，言げん燕つばめ王おう綰たがね使し范齊通計つうけい謀はかりごと於豨所しょ。高祖こうそ使し使し召盧綰たがね，綰たがね稱しょう病びょう。上うえ又また使つかい辟陽侯こう審しん食しょく其、御ご史し大夫たいふ趙ちょう堯往迎むかえ燕つばめ王おう，因いん驗けん問とい左右さゆう。綰たがね愈いよいよ恐おそれ，閉匿，謂いい其幸臣しん曰：「非ひ劉りゅう氏し而王，獨どく我わが與あずか長ちょう沙すな耳みみ。往年おうねん春はる，漢かん族ぞく淮陰，夏なつ，誅彭越えつ，皆みな呂りょ后きさき計けい。今上きんじょう病びょう，屬ぞく任にん呂りょ后きさき。呂りょ后きさき婦人ふじん，專せん欲よく以事誅異姓せい王者おうじゃ及大功臣こうしん。」迺遂稱しょう病びょう不ふ行くだり。其左右さゆう皆みな亡ほろび匿。語かたり頗泄，辟陽侯こう聞之，歸き具ぐ報ほう上じょう，上うえ益えき怒いか。又また得とく匈奴きょうど降くだ者しゃ，降くだ者しゃ言げん張ちょう勝まさる亡ほろび在ざい匈奴きょうど，為ため燕つばめ使し。於是上じょう曰：「盧の綰たがね果はて反はん矣！」) Shi Ji vol. 93.
  6. ^ (使つかい樊噲擊げき燕つばめ。燕つばめ王おう綰たがね悉將其宮人家じんか屬ぞく騎き數すう千せん居きょ長ちょう城下じょうか，候こう伺，幸こう上うえ病びょう愈いよいよ，自じ入いれ謝しゃ。四よん月がつ，高祖こうそ崩くずし，盧の綰たがね遂とげ將はた其衆亡ほろび入にゅう匈奴きょうど，匈奴きょうど以為東ひがし胡えびす盧の王おう。綰たがね為ため蠻夷ばんい所しょ侵おかせ奪だつ，常つね思おもえ復歸ふっき。居きょ歲とし餘あまり，死し胡えびす中ちゅう。) Shi Ji vol. 93.
  7. ^ (高こう后きさき時じ，盧の綰たがね妻子さいし亡ほろび降ぶ漢かん，會かい高だか后きさき病びょう，不能ふのう見み，舍しゃ燕つばめ邸てい，為ため欲よく置おけ酒見さかみ之の。高こう后きさき竟崩，不ふ得とく見み。盧の綰たがね妻つま亦また病死びょうし。) Shi Ji vol. 93.
  8. ^ (孝こう景けい中ちゅう六ろく年ねん，盧の綰たがね孫まご他た之の，以東いとう胡えびす王おう降くだ，封ふう為ため亞あ谷たに侯こう。) Shi Ji vol. 93.

Bibliography

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Chinese royalty
Preceded by King of Yan
202 BCE – 195 BCE 		Succeeded by
Liu Jian
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