Monascus
Monascus | |
---|---|
Monascus purpureus being used to make red rice wine | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Fungi |
Division: | Ascomycota |
Class: | Eurotiomycetes |
Order: | Eurotiales |
Family: | Aspergillaceae |
Genus: | Monascus Tiegh. (1884) |
Type species | |
Monascus ruber | |
Synonyms | |
Monascus is a genus of mold. Among the known species of this genus, the red-pigmented Monascus purpureus is among the most important because of its use in the production of certain fermented foods in East Asia, particularly China and Japan.
Species[edit]
- Monascus albidulus Zhong Q.Li & F. Guo (2004)
- Monascus argentinensis Stchigel & Guarro (2004)
- Monascus aurantiacus Zhong Q.Li ex Zhong Q.Li & F.Guo (2004)
- Monascus barkeri P.A.Dang. (1907)
- Monascus eremophilus A.D.Hocking & Pitt (1988)
- Monascus flavipigmentosus R.N.Barbosa, Souza-Motta, N.T.Oliveira & Houbraken (2017)
- Monascus floridanus P.F.Cannon & E.L.Barnard (1987)
- Monascus fumeus Zhong Q.Li & F. Guo (2004)
- Monascus lunisporas Udagawa & H. Baba (1998)
- Monascus mellicola R.N.Barbosa, Souza-Motta, N.T.Oliveira & Houbraken (2017)
- Monascus mucoroides Tiegh. (1884)
- Monascus olei Piedallu (1910)
- Monascus pallens P.F. Cannon, Abdullah & B.A.Abbas (1995)
- Monascus paxii Lingelsh. (1916)
- Monascus pilosus K.Satô ex D. Hawksw. & Pitt (1983)
- Monascus purpureus Went (1895)
- Monascus recifensis R.N. Barbosa, Souza-Motta, N.T.Oliveira & Houbraken (2017)
- Monascus ruber Tiegh. (1884)
- Monascus rutilus Zhong Q.Li & F.Guo (2004)
- Monascus sanguineus P.F.Cannon, Abdullah & B.A.Abbas (1995)
- Monascus vini Săvul. & Hulea (1953)
Phylogeny[edit]
Phylogeny as given by Bisby et al., 2000, who put the genus into a separate family Monascaceae.[1]
Monascaceae |
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Monascus pigments and biosynthesis[edit]
Monascus purpureus derives its signature red color from mosascus pigment that is composed of azaphilones or secondary fungal metabolites.[2] There are six primary compounds all with similar biosynthetic pathways, two yellow pigments, ankaflavin and monascin, two orange pigments monascorubin and rubropunctain, and two red pigments monascorubinamine and rubropunctaimine.[3] All six are produced with a combination of polyketide synthase (PKS) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) In the first step a hexekatide is formed through Type 1 PKS encoded by the Mripig A gene.[4] PKS uses the domains acyl transferase, acetyl-CoA, ketoacyl synthase, acyl transferase, acyl carrier protein and the base units of acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA to produce a ketone chain that undergoes Knoevenagel aldol condensations.[4] The second step is the formation of a fatty acid through the FAS pathway.[3] The
References[edit]
- ^ "Catalogue of Life – 2011 Annual Checklist :: Search all names". www.catalogueoflife.org. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
- ^ a b Agboyibor, Clement; Kong, Wei-Bao; Chen, Dong; Zhang, Ai-Mei; Niu, Shi-Quan (1 October 2018). "Monascus pigments production, composition, bioactivity and its application: A review". Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. 16: 433–447. doi:10.1016/j.bcab.2018.09.012. ISSN 1878-8181. S2CID 139258585.
- ^ a b Chaudhary, Vishu; Katyal, Priya; Poonia, Anuj Kumar; Kaur, Jaspreet; Puniya, Anil Kumar; Panwar, Harsh (4 October 2021). "Natural pigment from Monascus : The production and therapeutic significance". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 133 (1): 18–38. doi:10.1111/jam.15308. ISSN 1364-5072. PMID 34569683. S2CID 237941521.
- ^ a b Liu, Lujie; Zhao, Jixing; Huang, Yaolin; Xin, Qiao; Wang, Zhilong (2018). "Diversifying of Chemical Structure of Native Monascus Pigments". Frontiers in Microbiology. 9: 3143. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.03143. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 6308397. PMID 30622522.