Pinus koraiensis
Pinus koraiensis | |
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Cultivated at Morton Arboretum | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Gymnospermae |
Division: | Pinophyta |
Class: | Pinopsida |
Order: | Pinales |
Family: | Pinaceae |
Genus: | Pinus |
Subgenus: | P. subg. Strobus |
Section: | P. sect. Quinquefoliae |
Subsection: | P. subsect. Strobus |
Species: | P. koraiensis
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Binomial name | |
Pinus koraiensis |
Pinus koraiensis is a species of pine known commonly as the Korean pine. It is a relic species of the Tertiary, identified as a rare tree species by United Nations.[2] It is native to eastern Asia: Korea, northeastern China, Mongolia, the temperate rainforests of the Russian Far East, and central Japan. In the north of its range, it grows at moderate elevations, typically 600 to 900 metres (2,000 to 3,000 feet), whereas further south, it is a mountain tree, growing at 2,000 to 2,600 m (6,600 to 8,500 ft) elevation in Japan.[1] Other common names include Chinese pinenut.[3] The ancient woodland of P. koraiensis on the earth is about 50 million hectares, and China has about 30 million hectares, accounting for 60%.[4] It is a second-class national key protected plant in China.[4] P. koraiensis is a tree species with high economic and ecological value. The official name in Chinese is "红松 hóng sōng/red pine", because almost every part of it is related to red.[5]
According to research, P. koraiensis can be divided into two natural types according to the thickness of the bark, namely Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc. f. pachidermis Wang et Chi and Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc. f. leptodermis Wang et Chi.[5]
Description[edit]
P. koraiensis is a member of the white pine group, Pinus, section Quinquefoliae. Cultivated specimens may grow to about 9 to 15 m (30 to 50 ft) tall, whereas in their native habitat and growing conditions they can reach as much as 30 m (100 ft) or even 50 m (160 ft) in height.[6][5] It is pyramidal in shape, with younger specimens having ascending branches and older trees having more horizontal branches that reach ground level. The gray or brownish bark flakes off to reveal reddish inner bark. The sapwood is yellowish white, while the heartwood is light yellowish-brown or light reddish-brown.[5] The branchlets and winter buds are also reddish-brown.[5] The branches are lined with bundles of five blue-green needles, each up to 115 mm (4+1⁄2 in), and bear brown cones up to 150 mm (6 in) long.[6] In Northeast China, a particularly large cone is nearly 200 mm (7.9 in) long and 100 mm (3.9 in) in diameter. The seeds take two years of growth to mature, and the mature seeds do not fall off.[5] The cones release a strong scent that is so irresistible to animals that they help to open the hard cones allowing the seeds to disperse. The nutshells are reddish brown. P. koraiensis is monoecious with different flowers. Male cones are reddish-yellow, mostly clustered in the lower part of new branches to form spikes; female cones are green-brown, solitary or in groups near the top of new branches.[5] P. koraiensis can live up to 700 years; after 100–200 years of growth, it enters the fruitful youth stage, and after 300–400 years, it enters the fruitful adult stage.[4] The wild P. koraiensis grows very slowly, it takes fifty or even eighty years to bear fruit, and the cultivated P. koraiensis usually takes more than twenty years to bear fruit, but grafted seedlings can bear fruit within a few years.[4]
Uses[edit]
P. koraiensis is a precious tree species with both economic and ecological value. Ecologically, it has the functions of water and soil conservation - its root has a large water storage capacity, which is a "small reservoir" in the eyes of ecologists - and the function of maintaining biodiversity. Economically, every part of the plant can be used. In China, it has a long history of being used in food, beverage, health preservation and medical treatment. The ancients called its fruit "
The nuts of this tree are edible and sold commercially.[6] It is the most common taxon sold as pine nuts in markets throughout Europe and the United States.[1] The nut oil contains 11.5% of the unusual fatty acid pinolenic acid (cis–5–cis–9–cis–12 octadecatrienoic acid).[7] It "has a variety of physiological effects such as weight loss, lipid lowering, immune enhancement, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, enhancement of insulin sensitivity, and anti-tumor metastasis."[8] Pine nut oil extracted from P. koraiensis nuts has high nutritional value. The oil is also used to make lubricants and soap.[9] The tree is a source of turpentine resin and tannin.[1][10] The pine needles can be used to extract pine needle oil.
The Korean pine is used as an ornamental tree. It is tolerant of several soil types and thrives in urban settings. It is adapted to climates with very cold winters.[6] There are several cultivars, including the blue-tinged 'Glauca' and 'Silveray' and the wide-bodied 'Winton'.[12] The Korean pine is also a good tree species for afforestation in Northeast China.[4]
The wood is versatile and very useful for construction.[6] It is light, with straight grains, and easy to work. It is used for a great variety of products, including telephone poles, railroad ties, bridges, boats, plywood and flooring, furniture, sports equipment, and musical instruments. It is easy to break down into chips, particle board, or pulp for paper.[1] The fatwood used to be the best kindling in the forest area of Northeast China, and now it is a rare objet. The carvings or prayer beads made of it are collected or used like precious ancient objects.[4]
Conservation[edit]
The value of P. koraiensis has led to overexploitation of wild populations of the tree, and destruction of the forest ecosystems in which it grows. The Siberian tiger is resident in these pine forests, and preservation of this tree species is one step in the conservation of the tiger.[1]
Other associates of the tree in nature include the spotted nutcracker (Nucifraga caryocatactes), which collects the seeds and plays an important role in their dispersal.[13]
In China, the ancient P. koraiensis forests are concentrated in the Paektu Mountain and Lesser Khingan areas, and are the building species of the natural forests in the northeast. Except for the pure P. koraiensis forests in some areas, most of them are mixed with other coniferous and broad-leaved tree species.[5] The broad-leaved-P. koraiensis forest preserves the ancient structural characteristics of the Tertiary plant community. It is a climax community in Northeast China, and its ecological value is extremely precious. It maintains ecological balance and ecological security in Northeast China.[4]
Yichun located in Lesser Khingan has the most typical and best-preserved P. koraiensis virgin forest community in Asia.[14] Yichun has two national nature reserves, 丰林/Fenglin and
Gallery[edit]
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Form
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Leaves
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Immature Korean pine cone
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Seeds
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Pine nuts
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Illustration
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Korean Pine Trees in Seoul, Korea
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Trunk cross section
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Young tree
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f Thomas, P.; Farjon, A. (2013). "Pinus koraiensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42373A2975987. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42373A2975987.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ a b "
告 别"红松故事 "扮 靓"红松故 乡"" (in Chinese). www.yc.gov.cn. 2013-01-08. Retrieved 2023-01-25. - ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Pinus koraiensis". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team.
- ^ a b c d e f g 刘玉
波 , 阎立波 (2020-01-07). "红松,东北"新 三宝 "之 首 " (in Chinese). www.forestry.gov.cn. Retrieved 2023-01-25. - ^ a b c d e f g h i j "红松(hóng sōng)" (in Chinese). www.iplant.cn. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
- ^ a b c d e "Pinus koraiensis". Plant Finder. Missouri Botanical Garden.
- ^ Imbs, A. B.; Nevshupova, N. V.; Pham, L. Q. (1998). "Triacylglycerol composition of Pinus koraiensis seed oil" (PDF). Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 75 (7): 865–870. doi:10.1007/s11746-998-0238-x. S2CID 83675599.
- ^
李 景 彤, 刘迪迪 ,王 振 宇 (2018). "红松子 油 及皮诺敛酸 的 研究 进展/Research of P. koraiensis nut oil and pinolenic acid".食品 工業 科技 /Food Industry Technology (in Chinese). Retrieved 2023-01-27.{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Fu, Liguo; Li, Nan; Elias, Thomas S.; Mill, Robert R. "Pinus koraiensis". Flora of China. Vol. 4 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ^ "Pinus koraiensis". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
- ^ a b
日月 峡 (2012-11-14). "关注了解 红松" (in Chinese). www.riyuexia.com. Retrieved 2023-01-27. - ^ "Pinus koraiensis". University of Connecticut Horticulture.
- ^ Hutchins, Harry E.; Hutchins, Susan A.; Liu, Bo-wen (1996). "The role of birds and mammals in Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) regeneration dynamics". Oecologia. 107 (1): 120–130. Bibcode:1996Oecol.107..120H. doi:10.1007/BF00582242. PMID 28307199. S2CID 10822210.
- ^ a b
李 忠 培 . "守 护好伊 春 林 区 绿水青山 保 护小兴安岭生物 多 样性" (in Chinese).中国 绿色时报. Retrieved 2023-01-26.
External links[edit]
- Korean Pine. American Conifer Society.
- Pinus koraiensis - Korean Stone Pine. Conifers Around the World.