Pionium

Pionium is a composite particle consisting of one
πぱい⁺
and one
πぱい⁻
meson. It can be created, for instance, by interaction of a proton beam accelerated by a particle accelerator and a target nucleus. Pionium has a short lifetime, predicted by chiral perturbation theory to be 2.89×10⁻¹⁵ s (i.e. 2.89 femtoseconds). It decays mainly into two
πぱい⁰
mesons, and to a smaller extent into two photons.

It has been investigated at CERN to measure its lifetime. The Dimeson Relativistic Atomic Complex (DIRAC) experiment at the Proton Synchrotron was able to detect 21227 atomic pairs from a total of 1.5×10⁹ events, which allows the pionium lifetime to be determined to within statistical errors of 9%.^[1]

In 2006, the NA48/2 collaboration at CERN published an evidence for pionium production and decay in decays of charged kaons, studying mass spectra of daughter pion pairs in the events with three pions in the final state K^± → πぱい^±(πぱいπぱい)_atom → πぱい^±πぱい⁰πぱい⁰.^[2] This was followed by a precision measurement of the S-wave pion scattering length, published by the collaboration in 2009.^[3]

The results of the above experiments will provide crucial tests of low-energy QCD predictions.^[4]

References

^ Adeva, B.; et al. (2011). "Determination of πぱいπぱい scattering lengths from measurement of πぱい⁺πぱい⁻πぱい⁺πぱい⁻ atom lifetime". Physics Letters B. 704 (1–2): 24–29. arXiv:1109.0569. Bibcode:2011PhLB..704...24A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2011.08.074. S2CID 18091499.
^ Batley, J. R.; et al. (2006). "Observation of a cusp-like structure in the πぱい⁰πぱい⁰ invariant mass distribution from K^± → πぱい^±πぱい⁰πぱい⁰ decay and determination of the πぱいπぱい scattering lengths". Physics Letters B. 633 (2–3): 173–182. arXiv:hep-ex/0511056. Bibcode:2006PhLB..633..173N. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2005.11.087. S2CID 14747304.
^ Batley, J. R.; et al. (2009). "Determination of the S-wave πぱいπぱい scattering lengths from a study of K^±→πぱい^±πぱい⁰πぱい⁰ decays". European Physical Journal C. 64 (4): 589–608. arXiv:0912.2165. Bibcode:2009EPJC...64..589B. doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-009-1171-3. S2CID 14006827.
^ Santamarina, C.; Schumann, M.; Afanasyev, L. G.; Heim, T. (2003). "A Monte Carlo calculation of the pionium break-up probability with different sets of pionium target cross sections". Journal of Physics B. 36 (21): 4273–4287. arXiv:physics/0306161. Bibcode:2003JPhB...36.4273S. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.286.4685. doi:10.1088/0953-4075/36/21/007. S2CID 250810773.

[hep-ph/9808407-1] Adeva, B.; et al. (2011). "Determination of πぱいπぱい scattering lengths from measurement of πぱい⁺πぱい⁻πぱい⁺πぱい⁻ atom lifetime". Physics Letters B. 704 (1–2): 24–29. arXiv:1109.0569. Bibcode:2011PhLB..704...24A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2011.08.074. S2CID 18091499.

[hep-ex/0511056-2] Batley, J. R.; et al. (2006). "Observation of a cusp-like structure in the πぱい⁰πぱい⁰ invariant mass distribution from K^± → πぱい^±πぱい⁰πぱい⁰ decay and determination of the πぱいπぱい scattering lengths". Physics Letters B. 633 (2–3): 173–182. arXiv:hep-ex/0511056. Bibcode:2006PhLB..633..173N. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2005.11.087. S2CID 14747304.

[na48-3] Batley, J. R.; et al. (2009). "Determination of the S-wave πぱいπぱい scattering lengths from a study of K^±→πぱい^±πぱい⁰πぱい⁰ decays". European Physical Journal C. 64 (4): 589–608. arXiv:0912.2165. Bibcode:2009EPJC...64..589B. doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-009-1171-3. S2CID 14006827.

[urlA_Monte_Carlo_calculation_of_the_pionium_break-up_probability-4] Santamarina, C.; Schumann, M.; Afanasyev, L. G.; Heim, T. (2003). "A Monte Carlo calculation of the pionium break-up probability with different sets of pionium target cross sections". Journal of Physics B. 36 (21): 4273–4287. arXiv:physics/0306161. Bibcode:2003JPhB...36.4273S. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.286.4685. doi:10.1088/0953-4075/36/21/007. S2CID 250810773.

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See also

References