Senate Republican Conference

Senate Republican Conference
Senate Republican Conference
Part of	United States Senate
Floor Leader	Mitch McConnell (KY)
Floor Whip	John Thune (SD)
Chair	John Barrasso (WY)
Vice Chair	Shelley Moore Capito (WV)
Ideology	Conservatism
Political position	Center-right to right-wing
Affiliation	Republican Party
Colors	Red
Seats	49 / 100
Website
	republican.senate.gov
	Politics of United States; Political parties; Elections;

The Senate Republican Conference is the formal organization of the Republican senators in the United States Senate, who number 49 as of 2023^[update]. Over the last century, the mission of the conference has expanded and been shaped as a means of informing the media of the opinions and activities of Senate Republicans. The Senate Republican Conference assists Republican senators by providing a full range of communications services including graphics, radio, television, and the Internet. Its chairman is Senator John Barrasso,^[1] and its vice chairwoman is Senator Shelley Moore Capito.^[2]

Conference hierarchy

Effective as of January 3, 2023^[update], the conference leadership is:

Mitch McConnell (KY) as Senate Minority Leader (retiring in January 2025)
John Thune (SD) as Senate Minority Whip
John Barrasso (WY) as Chairman of the Republican Conference
Joni Ernst (IA) as Chairwoman of the Senate Republican Policy Committee
Shelley Moore Capito (WV) as Vice Chairwoman of the Republican Conference
Steve Daines (MT) as Chairman of the National Republican Senatorial Committee
Mike Lee (UT) as Chairman of the Senate Republican Steering Committee
Mike Crapo (ID) as Senate Republican Chief Deputy Whip
Chuck Grassley (IA) as President pro tempore emeritus

History

The Republican Conference of the United States Senate is a descendant of the early American party caucus that decided party policies, approved appointees, and selected candidates. The meetings were private, and early records of the deliberations do not exist. Senate Republicans began taking formal minutes only in 1911, and they began referring to their organization as the "conference" in 1913. An early outgrowth of the effort to enhance party unity was the creation, in 1874, of a steering committee to prepare a legislative schedule for consideration by the conference. The committee became a permanent part of the Republican organization.

The steering committee, formalized Republican "leadership" in the 19th century was minimal; most legislative guidance came from powerful committee chairmen managing particular bills. The conference began to acquire significance, however, with the election of Senator William B. Allison of Iowa as chairman in 1897, and during the terms of successors such as Senator Orville H. Platt of Connecticut and Senator Nelson W. Aldrich of Rhode Island. The chairman in 1915, Senator Jacob H. Gallinger of New Hampshire, who two years earlier had elected a whip to maintain a quorum to conduct Senate business. Senator James W. Wadsworth, Jr. of New York was elected both conference secretary and whip; a week later the responsibilities were divided between Senator Wadsworth as Secretary and Senator Charles Curtis of Kansas, who was elected whip.

The conference continued to meet in private to assure confidentiality and candor. This practice was suspended only once, on May 27, 1919, when the conference reaffirmed its commitment to the seniority system for choosing committee chairmen by electing Senator Boies Penrose of Pennsylvania as chairman of the finance committee over objections from Progressive Republican insurgents. (This was apparently the only open party conference in the history of the Senate.)

During this period, the chairman also served as informal floor leader. One reason for the lack of a formal post was that committee chairmen usually took responsibility to move to proceed to the consideration of measures reported by their respective committees and managed the legislation on the floor. The first recorded Conference election of a formal floor leader was held March 5, 1925, when the conference chairman, Senator Curtis of Kansas, was unanimously chosen to serve in both posts.

Throughout the 1920s, when Republicans held the Senate majority, the conference met chiefly at the beginning of each session to make committee assignments; for the remainder of the session, Members were notified of the order of business by mail. This slow pace continued through the 1930s, when Republican senators were so few that they dispensed with a permanent whip, and the conference chairman and floor leader, Senator Charles L. McNary of Oregon, appointed senators to serve as whip on particular pieces of legislation.

Senator McNary died in 1944, and the posts of conference chairman and floor leader were separated in 1945. Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg of Michigan became chairman and Senator Wallace H. White, Jr., of Maine became floor leader. This separation has continued to be one of the chief differences between the Republican and Democratic Conferences, since the floor leader of the Democrats has continued to serve as their conference chairman.

In 1944, Senator Robert A. Taft of Ohio, still in his first term, persuaded Republicans to revive their steering committee, and he became its chairman. In 1946, it became the Republican Policy Committee under legislation appropriating equal funds for majority and minority parties (a separate steering committee was created in 1974 but its operations are funded by member dues, not by Congress^[3]). Until the mid-1970s the staffs of the Conference and Policy Committee were housed together under a single staff director who administered their budgets jointly. Staff separation was begun during 1979–1980, while Senator Bob Packwood of Oregon was chairman of the conference, and completed under Senator James McClure of Idaho. Under Senator McClure's leadership in the 1980s, the conference began providing television, radio and graphics services for Republican senators. Senator Connie Mack, as conference chairman, in 1997 created the first digital Information Technology department to communicate the Republican agenda over the web.

Meetings of Republican Conference

The form and frequency of conference meetings has depended upon leadership personalities and legislative circumstances. Since the late 1950s, the conference has met at the beginning of each United States Congress to elect the leadership, approve committee assignments, and attend to other organizational matters. Although other meetings are called from time to time to discuss pending issues, the weekly Policy Committee luncheons afford a regular forum for discussion among senators. As a former Republican Leader, Senator Everett M. Dirksen of Illinois, said in 1959:

When the Republican Policy Committee meets weekly, it is actually a meeting of the Republican Conference over the luncheon table, at which time we discuss all matters of pending business. Thus, so far as possible, all the information which is within the possession and the command of the leadership is freely diffused to every member.

At the time Senator Dirksen spoke, the elected party leadership included: chairman of the conference, secretary of the conference, floor leader, whip (now assistant floor leader), and chairman of the Policy Committee. On July 31, 1980, Conference rules were amended to make the chairman of the National Republican Senatorial Committee an elected position, a change which brought the rules into conformity with what had become custom.

"Conference" versus "caucus"

The Republican Conference has never been a caucus in the dictionary sense, that is, a "partisan legislative group that uses caucus procedures to make decisions binding on its members." Even during the tense years of Reconstruction, Republican senators were not bound to vote according to conference decisions. In 1867, for example, when Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts refused to follow conference policy on an issue, and Senator William P. Fessenden of Maine charged, "you should not have voted on the subject [in Conference] if you did not mean to be bound by the decision of the majority," Sumner retorted, "I am a Senator of the United States," and no attempt was made to discipline him. Such independence was reiterated on March 12, 1925, when a resolution introduced by Senator Wesley L. Jones of Washington passed in the conference without objection:

To make clear and beyond question the long-settled policy of Republicans that our Conferences are not caucuses or of binding effect upon those participating therein but are meetings solely for the purpose of exchanging views to promote harmony and united action so far as possible.

Be It Resolved: That no Senator attending this Conference or any Conference held hereafter shall be deemed to be bound in any way by any action taken by such Conference, but he shall be entirely free to act upon any matter considered by the Conference as his judgment may dictate, and it shall not be necessary for any Senator to give notice of his intention to take action different from any recommended by the Conference."

Floor leaders

Congress		State	Took office	Left office
69th	Charles Curtis (1860–1936)	Kansas	November 28, 1924	March 3, 1929
70th	Charles Curtis (1860–1936)	Kansas	November 28, 1924	March 3, 1929
71st	James Eli Watson (1874–1944)	Indiana	March 4, 1929	March 4, 1933
72nd	James Eli Watson (1874–1944)	Indiana	March 4, 1929	March 4, 1933
73rd	Charles L. McNary (1874–1944)	Oregon	March 4, 1933	February 25, 1944^[a]
74th
75th
76th
77th
78th
79th	Wallace H. White (1877–1952)	Maine	February 25, 1944	January 3, 1949
80th	Wallace H. White (1877–1952)	Maine	February 25, 1944	January 3, 1949
81st	Kenneth S. Wherry (1892–1951)	Nebraska	January 3, 1949	November 29, 1951
82nd	Kenneth S. Wherry (1892–1951)	Nebraska	January 3, 1949	November 29, 1951
83rd	Robert A. Taft (1889–1953)	Ohio	January 3, 1953	July 31, 1953
84th	William Knowland (1908–1974)	California	August 3, 1953	January 3, 1959
85th	William Knowland (1908–1974)	California	August 3, 1953	January 3, 1959
86th	Everett Dirksen (1896–1969)	Illinois	January 3, 1959	September 7, 1969
87th
88th
89th
90th
91st
92nd	Hugh Scott (1900–1994)	Pennsylvania	September 24, 1969	January 3, 1977
93rd
94th
95th	Howard Baker (1925–2014)	Tennessee	January 3, 1977	January 3, 1985^[b]
96th
97th
98th
99th	Bob Dole (1923–2021)	Kansas	January 3, 1985	June 11, 1996^[c]
100th
101st
102nd
103rd
104th
105th	Trent Lott (born 1941)	Mississippi	June 11, 1996	January 3, 2003
106th
107th
108th	Bill Frist (born 1952)	Tennessee	January 3, 2003	January 3, 2007
109th	Bill Frist (born 1952)	Tennessee	January 3, 2003	January 3, 2007
110th	Mitch McConnell (born 1942)	Kentucky	January 3, 2007	Incumbent
111th
112th
113th
114th
115th
116th
117th
118th

List of conference chairmen and chairwomen

The Republican conference of the United States Senate chooses a conference chairperson. The office was created in the mid-19th century with the founding of the Republican party. The office of "party floor leader" was not created until 1925, and for twenty years, the Senate's Republican conference chairman was also the floor leader.

In recent years, the conference chair has come to be regarded as the third-ranking Republican in the Senate, behind the floor leader and whip. According to Congressional Quarterly, "The conference chairman manages the private meetings to elect floor leaders, handles distribution of committee assignments and helps set legislative priorities. The modern version drives the conference’s message, with broadcast studios for television and radio."^[3]

Dates	Name	State	Notes
1859 – December 1862	John P. Hale	New Hampshire
December 1862 – September 2, 1884	Henry B. Anthony	Rhode Island
September 2, 1884 – December 1885	John Sherman	Ohio
December 1885 – November 1, 1891	George F. Edmunds	Vermont
December 1891 – March 4, 1897	John Sherman	Ohio
March 4, 1897 – August 4, 1908	William B. Allison	Iowa
December 1908 – March 4, 1911	Eugene Hale	Maine
April 1911 – March 4, 1913	Shelby Moore Cullom	Illinois
March 4, 1913 – August 17, 1918	Jacob Harold Gallinger	New Hampshire
August 17, 1918 – November 9, 1924	Henry Cabot Lodge	Massachusetts
November 28, 1924 – March 4, 1929	Charles Curtis	Kansas	Also Republican floor leader from 1925
March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933	James Eli Watson	Indiana	Also Republican floor leader
March 4, 1933 – February 25, 1944	Charles L. McNary	Oregon	Also Republican floor leader
February 25, 1944 – January 3, 1947 Acting: February 25, 1944 – January 3, 1945	Arthur Vandenberg	Michigan
January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1957	Eugene Millikin	Colorado
January 3, 1957 – January 3, 1967	Leverett Saltonstall	Massachusetts
January 3, 1967 – January 3, 1973	Margaret Chase Smith	Maine
January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1975	Norris Cotton	New Hampshire
January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1979	Carl Curtis	Nebraska
January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1981	Bob Packwood	Oregon
January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1985	James A. McClure	Idaho
January 3, 1985 – January 3, 1991	John Chafee	Rhode Island
January 3, 1991 – January 3, 1997	Thad Cochran	Mississippi
January 3, 1997 – January 3, 2001	Connie Mack III	Florida
January 3, 2001 – January 3, 2007	Rick Santorum	Pennsylvania
January 3, 2007 – December 19, 2007	Jon Kyl	Arizona
December 19, 2007 – January 26, 2012	Lamar Alexander	Tennessee
January 26, 2012 – January 3, 2019	John Thune	South Dakota
January 3, 2019 – present	John Barrasso	Wyoming

List of secretaries and vice chairmen

The vice chair of the Senate Republican Conference, also known previously as the conference secretary until 2001, is the fifth-ranking leadership position (behind the Policy Committee chair) within the Republican Party conference in the United States Senate. The vice-chair/secretary is responsible for keeping the minutes of the Senate Republican Conference and serves alongside the Senate Republican Conference chairperson. The vice chairwoman is Shelley Moore Capito, serving since 2023.^[4]

Officeholder	State	Term
Charles Curtis	Kansas	1911–1913
William Kenyon	Iowa	1913–1915
James Wadsworth	New York	1915–1927
Frederick Hale	Maine	1927–1941
Wallace H. White Jr.	Maine	1941–1944
Harold Burton	Ohio	1944–1945
Chan Gurney	South Dakota	1945–1946
Milton Young	North Dakota	1946–1971
Norris Cotton	New Hampshire	1971–1973
Wallace F. Bennett	Utah	1973–1975
Robert Stafford	Vermont	1975–1977
Clifford Hansen	Wyoming	1977–1976
Jake Garn	Utah	1979–1985
Thad Cochran	Mississippi	1985–1991
Bob Kasten	Wisconsin	1991–1993
Trent Lott	Mississippi	1993–1995
Connie Mack	Florida	1995–1997
Paul Coverdell	Georgia	1997–2000
Kay Bailey Hutchison^[d]	Texas	2001–2007
John Cornyn	Texas	2007–2009
John Thune	South Dakota	2009
Lisa Murkowski	Alaska	2009–2010
John Barrasso	Wyoming	2010–2012
Roy Blunt	Missouri	2012–2019
Joni Ernst	Iowa	2019–2023
Shelley Moore Capito	West Virginia	2023–present