Examine individual changes

'{{Chembox | Watchedfields = changed | verifiedrevid = 268485639 | ImageFile = Tera-ethyl-lead-chemical.png | ImageFile_Ref = {{Chemboximage|correct|??}} | ImageSize = 244 | ImageName = Stereo structural formulae of tetraethyl lead, with and without explicit hydrogens | IUPACName = Tetraethylplumbane | SystematicName = <!-- Tetraethylplumbane (substitutive) OR Tetraethyllead (additive) --> | OtherNames = Lead tetraethyl<br /> Tetraethyl lead<br /> Tetra-ethyl lead | Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers | Abbreviations = TEL | CASNo = 78-00-2 | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | PubChem = 6511 | PubChem_Ref = {{Pubchemcite|correct|PubChem}} | ChemSpiderID = 6265 | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | EINECS = 201-075-4 | UNNumber = 1649 | MeSHName = Tetraethyl+lead | ChEBI = 30182 | RTECS = TP4550000 | Beilstein = 3903146 | Gmelin = 68951 | SMILES = CC[Pb](CC)(CC)CC | StdInChI = 1S/4C2H5.Pb/c4*1-2;/h4*1H2,2H3; | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChIKey = MRMOZBOQVYRSEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}}} | Section2 = {{Chembox Properties | C = 8 | H = 20 | Pb = 1 | ExactMass = 324.133136490 g mol^-1 | Appearance = Colorless liquid | Density = 1.653 g cm^-3 | MeltingPtC = −136 | BoilingPtCL = 84 | BoilingPtCH = 85 | Boiling_notes = 15 mmHg | RefractIndex = 1.5198}} | Section3 = {{Chembox Structure | MolShape = Tetrahedral | Dipole = 0 D}} | Section4 = {{Chembox Hazards | EUClass = {{Hazchem T+}}{{Hazchem N}} | RPhrases = {{R61}}, {{R26/27/28}}, {{R33}}, {{R50/53}}, {{R62}} | SPhrases = {{S53}}, {{S45}}, {{S60}}, {{S61}} | NFPA-H = 3 | NFPA-F = 2 | NFPA-R = 3 | FlashPt = 73 °C}} | Section8 = {{Chembox Related | OtherCpds = [[Tetraethylgermanium]]<br /> [[Tetraethyltin]]}} }} '''Tetraethyllead''' (common name '''tetraethyl lead'''), abbreviated '''TEL''', is an [[organolead compound]] with the formula ([[ethyl group|CH₃CH₂]])₄[[lead|Pb]]. Once a common [[antiknock agent|antiknock additive]]/octane booster in [[gasoline]] (petrol), TEL usage was largely discontinued because of the [[Lead poisoning|toxicity of lead]] and its [[Catalytic converter#Catalyst poisoning and deactivation|deleterious effect on catalytic converters]]. It is still used as an additive in [[Avgas|aviation fuel]] for [[Internal combustion engine|piston engine]]-powered [[Aircraft#Propeller driven|aircraft]]. ==Synthesis and properties== TEL is produced by reacting [[chloroethane]] with a [[sodium]]–[[lead]] [[alloy]].<ref name="Seyferth">{{cite journal | author = Seyferth, D. | title = The Rise and Fall of Tetraethyllead. 2 | journal = [[Organometallics]] | year = 2003 | volume = 22 | pages = 5154–5178 | doi = 10.1021/om030621b}}</ref> : 4 NaPb + 4 CH₃CH₂Cl → (CH₃CH₂)₄Pb + 4 NaCl + 3 Pb Despite decades of research, no reactions were found to improve upon this rather difficult process that involves metallic sodium—a process with [[lithium]] was developed, but never put into practice. A related compound, tetramethyllead, was commercially produced by a different electrolytic reaction.<ref name = Seyferth/> The product, TEL, is a [[Viscosity|viscous]] colorless [[liquid]]. Because TEL is charge neutral and contains an exterior of alkyl groups, it is highly [[Lipophilicity|lipophilic]] and soluble in petrol (gasoline). ==Reactions== A noteworthy feature of TEL is the weakness of its four C–Pb bonds. At the temperatures found in [[internal combustion engine]]s {{nowrap|(CH₃CH₂)₄Pb}} decomposes completely into lead and lead oxides and combustible, short-lived ethyl [[Radical (chemistry)|radical]]s. Lead and lead oxide scavenge [[Radical (chemistry)|radical intermediates]] in [[combustion]] reactions. This prevents ignition of unburnt fuel during the engine's exhaust stroke.<ref name="Seyferth" /> Lead itself is the reactive antiknock agent, and TEL serves as a gasoline-soluble lead carrier.<ref name="Seyferth" /> When (CH₃CH₂)₄Pb burns, it produces not only carbon dioxide and water, but also lead: : (CH₃CH₂)₄Pb + 13 O₂ → 8 CO₂ + 10 H₂O + Pb This lead can oxidize further to give species such as [[lead(II) oxide]]: : 2 Pb + O₂ → 2 PbO The Pb and PbO would quickly accumulate and destroy an engine. For this reason, the lead scavengers [[1,2-Dibromoethane|1,2-dibromoethane]] and [[1,2-Dichloroethane|1,2-dichloroethane]] are used in conjunction with TEL—these agents form volatile [[lead(II) bromide]] and [[lead(II) chloride]], respectively, which are flushed from the engine and into the air. ==Formulation of ethyl fluid== [[File:EthylCorporationSign.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Sign on an antique gasoline gasoline pump advertising tetraethyllead by the Ethyl Corporation]] TEL was supplied for mixing with raw gasoline in the form of '''ethyl fluid''', which was TEL blended together with the lead scavengers [[1,2-Dibromoethane|1,2-dibromoethane]] and [[1,2-Dichloroethane|1,2-dichloroethane]]. Ethyl fluid also contained a reddish dye to distinguish treated from untreated gasoline and discourage the use of leaded gasoline for other purposes such as cleaning. Ethyl fluid was added to gasoline at rate of 1:1260, usually at the refinery.{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}} Because of the widespread use and toxic nature of ethyl fluid, the [[Ethyl Corporation]] developed an expertise in its safe handling. In the 1920s, before safety procedures were yet developed, some 17 workers for the Ethyl Corporation and Standard Oil died from the effects of exposure to lead. The formula for ethyl fluid is:<ref name="Seyferth" /> *Tetraethyllead 61.45% *[[1,2-Dibromoethane]] 17.85% *[[1,2-Dichloroethane]] 18.80% *Inerts & dye 1.90% Dibromoethane and dichloroethane act in a synergistic manner, where a particular mixing ratio provides the best lead scavenging ability.<ref name="Seyferth" /> ==Use as an antiknock agent (octane booster)== Tetraethyllead was once used extensively as a [[gasoline additive]] for its ability to increase the fuel's [[octane rating]]. A high enough octane rating is required to prevent premature detonations known as [[engine knocking]] ("knock" or "ping").<ref name="Seyferth" /> Antiknock agents allow the use of higher [[compression ratio]]s for greater [[fuel efficiency|efficiency]]<ref name="SAEtrans-hce1959">Caris, D. F. and Nelson, E. E. (1959). A New Look at High Compression Engines SAE Trans.</ref> and peak [[power (physics)|power]]. Adding varying amounts of TEL allowed easy control of octane ratings - aviation spirits used in WW2 reached 150 octane to enable huge supercharged engines (Rolls Royce Merlin and Griffon) to output 1500 HP at altitude. In military aviation, TEL manipulation allowed a range of different fuels to be tailored for particular flight conditions, and ease and safety of handling. The use of TEL in gasoline was started in the U.S., while in [[Europe]], [[alcohol]] was initially used. The advantages of leaded gasoline from its higher energy content and storage quality eventually led to a universal switch to leaded fuel. One of the greatest advantages of TEL over other antiknock agents or the use of high octane blend stocks is the very low concentrations needed. Typical formulations called for 1 part of prepared TEL to 1260 parts untreated gasoline. Competing antiknock agents must be used in higher amounts, often diluting the energy content of the gasoline. When used as an antiknock agent, [[alcohol]] will cause fuel to absorb moisture from the air. Over time fuel humidity can rise leading to rusting and corrosion in the fuel line. Whereas TEL is highly soluble in gasoline, ethanol is poorly soluble and that solubility decreases as fuel humidity increases. Over time, droplets and pools of water can form in the fuel system creating a risk for fuel line icing. High fuel humidity can also raise issues of biological contamination, as certain bacteria can grow on the surface of the water/gasoline interface thus forming bacterial mats in the fuel system. TEL's biocidal properties helped prevent fuel contamination and degradation from bacterial growth. In most Western countries this additive went out of use in the late 20th century because of the concerns over pollution of air and soil (e.g., the areas around roads) and the [[Bioaccumulation|accumulative]] neurotoxicity of [[lead]]. The use of TEL as a fuel additive spoils [[catalytic converter]]s, which became mandatory to meet emissions regulations from the 1970s on in the West. The need for TEL was lessened by several advances in automotive engineering and petroleum chemistry. Lower oil prices promoted the development of low compression engines that were not as sensitive to gasoline quality. Other antiknock additives of various toxicities ([[Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl|MMT]], [[MTBE]], [[ETBE]]) and safer methods for making higher octane blending stocks ([[reformate]], [[iso-octane]]) reduced the need for TEL. As of 2007, unleaded automotive gasoline is available throughout the world, and the only countries in which leaded gasoline is extensively used are [[Yemen]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[North Korea]]. Leaded gasoline is still available in parts of Northwest Africa, [[Europe]], [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS), [[Iraq]], [[Jordan]] and the [[Palestinian territories]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.lead.org.au/fs/fst27.html | title = Countries where Leaded Petrol is Possibly Still Sold for Road Use | date = 2010-05-10 | author = Robert Taylor | publisher = The LEAD Group}}</ref> TEL remains an ingredient of 100 [[octane rating|octane]] [[aviation fuel]] (avgas) for piston-engine aircraft (but not jets) and until recently in professional auto racing. NASCAR in 2008 switched to unleaded fuel after years of research and when blood tests of NASCAR teams revealed elevated levels of the metal.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = O'Neil | pmid = 16361219 | first1 = J | year = 2006 | pages = 67–71 | issue = 2 | last2 = Steele | volume = 3 | journal = Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene | first2 = G | last3 = McNair | first3 = CS | last4 = Matusiak | first4 = MM | last5 = Madlem | first5 = J | title = Blood lead levels in NASCAR Nextel Cup Teams | doi = 10.1080/15459620500471221}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://nascar.about.com/od/cars/a/unleaded08.htm | title = NASCAR to Use Unleaded Fuel in 2008}}</ref> EPA and others are working on an economically favorable replacement for avgas. The current formulation of 100LL (low lead) aviation gasoline contains much less lead than in previous fuels, however it is still far more than automotive fuels have historically contained.{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} Many vehicles produced before TEL's phase-out required modification to run successfully on unleaded gasoline. These modifications fell into two categories: those required for physical compatibility with unleaded fuel, and those performed to compensate for the relatively low octane of early unleaded fuels. Physical compatibility is addressed by the installation of hardened exhaust valves and seats. Compatibility with reduced octane was addressed by reducing compression, generally by installing thicker cylinder head gaskets and/or rebuilding the engine with compression-reducing pistons. However, the appearance on the market of high-octane unleaded gasolines has reduced or eliminated the need to alter engines' compression ratios. ==Toxicity== Contact with concentrated TEL leads to the familiar symptoms of acute [[lead poisoning]]. Lead pollution from engine exhaust is dispersed into the air and into the vicinity of roads and easily inhaled. Lead is a [[toxic metal]] that accumulates and has subtle and insidious [[neurotoxic]] effects especially at low exposure levels, such as low IQ and antisocial behavior. It has particularly harmful effects on children. These concerns eventually led to the ban on TEL in automobile gasoline in many countries. Some neurologists have speculated that the lead phaseout may have caused average IQ levels to rise by several points in the United States (by reducing cumulative brain damage throughout the population, especially in the young). For the entire U.S. population, during and after the TEL phaseout, the mean blood lead level dropped from 16 μみゅーg/dL in 1976 to only 3 μみゅーg/dL in 1991.<ref name="Reyes" /> The U.S. Centers for Disease Control considered blood lead levels "elevated" when they were above 10 μみゅーg/dL. Lead exposure affects the [[intelligence quotient]] (IQ) such that a blood lead level of 30 μみゅーg/dL is associated with a 6.9-point reduction of IQ, with most reduction (3.9 points) occurring below 10 μみゅーg/dL.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1289/ehp.7688 | title = Low-Level Environmental Lead Exposure and Children’s Intellectual Function: An International Pooled Analysis | year = 2005 | last1 = Lanphear | first1 = Bruce P. | last2 = Hornung | first2 = Richard | last3 = Khoury | first3 = Jane | last4 = Yolton | first4 = Kimberly | last5 = Baghurst | first5 = Peter | last6 = Bellinger | first6 = David C. | last7 = Canfield | first7 = Richard L. | last8 = Dietrich | first8 = Kim N. | last9 = Bornschein | first9 = Robert | journal = [[Environmental Health Perspectives]] | volume = 113 | pages = 894–9 | pmid=16002379 | issue=7}}</ref> Also in the U.S., a statistically significant correlation has been found between the use of TEL and violent crime: taking into account a 22-year time lag, the violent crime curve virtually tracks the lead exposure curve.<ref name="Reyes">Reyes, J. W. (2007). [http://www.amherst.edu/~jwreyes/papers/LeadCrimeNBERWP13097.pdf "The Impact of Childhood Lead Exposure on Crime". National Bureau of Economic Research.] "a" ref citing Pirkle, Brody, et. al (1994). Retrieved 8-17-2009.</ref> After the ban on TEL, blood lead levels in U.S. children dramatically decreased.<ref name="Reyes" /> Even though leaded gasoline is largely gone in North America, it has left high concentrations of lead in the soil adjacent to all roads that were constructed prior to its phaseout. Children are particularly at risk if they consume this. ==History== Tetraethyllead was first discovered by a German chemist in 1854, but remained commercially unused for many years.<ref name="Kitman">Kitman, J. (Mar. 2, 2000). [http://www.thenation.com/article/secret-history-lead?page=full "The Secret History of Lead.] ''[[The Nation]]''. Retrieved 8-17-2009.</ref> In 1921, TEL was found to be an effective antiknock agent by [[Thomas Midgley, Jr.|Thomas Midgley]], working under [[Charles Kettering]] at [[General Motors Corporation]] Research.<ref>"Leaded Gasoline, Safe Refrigeration, and Thomas Midgley, Jr." Chapter 6 in S. Bertsch McGrayne. ''Prometheans in the Lab''. McGraw-Hill: New York, 2002. ISBN 0-07-140795-2</ref> General Motors [[patent]]ed the use of TEL as a knocking agent and called it "Ethyl" in its marketing materials, thereby avoiding the negative connotation of the word "lead".<ref name="Kitman"/> By 1923, leaded gasoline was being sold.<ref name=Kovarik2005>{{cite journal |author=Kovarik W |title=Ethyl-leaded gasoline: how a classic occupational disease became an international public health disaster |journal=Int J Occup Environ Health |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=384–97 |year=2005 |pmid=16350473 |doi= |url=}}[http://ijoeh.com/index.php/ijoeh/article/view/283 Free full-text] (registration required)</ref> In 1924, [[Standard Oil of New Jersey]] (ESSO/EXXON) and General Motors created the [[Ethyl Corporation|Ethyl Gasoline Corporation]] to produce and market TEL. The toxicity of concentrated TEL was recognized early on, as lead had been recognized since the 19th century as a dangerous substance which could cause [[lead poisoning]].<ref name=Kovarik2005/> In 1924, a public controversy arose over the "loony gas" which the production created after several workers died and others went insane in a refinery in New Jersey and a DuPont facility in Ohio.<ref name=Kovarik2005/> However, for two years prior to this controversy several public health experts including [[Alice Hamilton]] engaged Midgley and Kettering with letters warning of the dangers to public health of the proposed plan.<ref name=Kovarik2005/> After the death of the workers, dozens of newspapers reported on the issue.<ref name=Kovarik2005/><ref>[http://yarchive.net/chem/tetraethyl_lead.html TEL-related deaths]</ref> In 1925, the sales of TEL were suspended for one year to conduct a hazard assessment.<ref name="Seyferth" /><ref name="Kitman"/> The U.S. Public Health Service conducted a conference in 1925. The conference was initially expected to last for several days, but reportedly the conference decided that evaluating presentations on alternative anti-knock agents was not "its province" so it lasted a single day.<ref name=Kovarik2005/> Kettering and Midgley stated that no alternatives for anti-knocking were available, although private memos showed discussion of such agents.<ref name=Kovarik2005/> One commonly discussed agent was ethanol, although it was not as cheap.<ref name=Kovarik2005/> The Public Health Service created a committee which reviewed a government-sponsored study of workers and an Ethyl lab test, and concluded that while leaded gasoline should not be banned, it should continue to be investigated.<ref name=Kovarik2005/> The low concentrations present in gasoline and exhaust were not perceived as immediately dangerous. A U.S. Surgeon General committee issued a report in 1926 that concluded there was no real evidence that the sale of TEL was hazardous to human health but urged further study.<ref name="Kitman"/> In the years that followed, research was heavily funded by the lead industry; in 1943, Randolph Byers found children with lead poisoning had behavior problems, but he was threatened with a lawsuit and the research ended.<ref name=Kovarik2005/> In the late 1920s, Dr. Robert Kehoe of the University of Cincinnati was the Ethyl Corporation's chief medical consultant. In 1928, Dr. Kehoe expressed the opinion that there was no basis for concluding that leaded fuels posed any health threat.<ref name="Kitman" /> He convinced the Surgeon General that the dose–response relationship of lead was that of no effect below a certain threshold.<ref>Bryson, Christopher (2004). ''The Fluoride Deception'', p. 41. Seven Stories Press. Citing historian Lynne Snyder.</ref> As the head of Kettering Laboratories for many years, Kehoe would become a chief promoter of the safety of TEL, an influence that did not begin to wane until about the early 1960s. But by the 1970s, the general opinion of the safety of TEL would change, and by 1976 the U.S. government would begin to require the phaseout of this product. As early as the late 1940s and early 1950s, [[Clair Cameron Patterson|Clair Patterson]] accidentally discovered the pollution caused by TEL in the environment while determining the age of the earth. As he attempted to measure lead content of very old rocks, and the time it took uranium to decay into lead, the readings were made inaccurate by lead in the environment that contaminated his samples. He was then forced to work in a [[clean room]] to keep his samples uncontaminated by environmental pollution of lead. After coming up with a fairly accurate estimate of the age of the earth, he turned to investigating the lead contamination problem by examining ice cores from countries such as [[Greenland]]. He realized that the lead contamination in the environment dated from about the time that TEL became widely used as a fuel additive in gasoline. Being aware of the health dangers posed by lead and suspicious of the pollution caused by TEL, he became one of the earliest and most effective opponents of its use.<ref>Bryson, Bill (2003). "Getting the Lead Out", Chapter 10 in ''A Short History of Nearly Everything''. Broadway Books: New York. ISBN 0-7679-0818-X</ref> In the 1970s, [[Herbert Needleman]] found that higher blood levels in children were correlated with decreased school performance. Needleman was repeatedly accused of scientific misconduct by individuals within the lead industry, but he was eventually cleared by a scientific advisory council.<ref name=Kovarik2005/> In the U.S. in 1972, the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] launched an initiative to phase out leaded gasoline based on a regulation under the authority of the [[Clean Air Act (United States)|Clean Air Act Extension of 1970]]. Ethyl Corp's response was to sue the EPA. Although the EPA's regulation was initially dismissed,<ref name=Kovarik2005/> the EPA won the case on appeal, so the TEL phaseout began in 1976 and was completed by 1986. A 1994 study indicated that the concentration of lead in the blood of the U.S. population had dropped 78% from 1976 to 1991.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Pirkle, J. L.; Brody, D. J.; Gunter, E. W.; et al. | title = The Decline in Blood Lead Levels in the United States: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) | journal = [[J. Am. Med. Assoc.]] | year = 1994 | volume = 272 | pages = 284–291 | doi = 10.1001/jama.272.4.284}}</ref> By the year 2000, the TEL industry had moved the major portion of their sales to developing countries and lobbied governments to delay phasing out of the additive.<ref name="Kitman"/> Leaded gasoline was withdrawn entirely from the European Union market on 1 January 2000, although it had been banned much earlier in most member states. It was only recently phased out in [[China]] (around 2001).{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} In the [[United Kingdom]] a small amount of leaded gasoline ("four star petrol") is still permitted to be manufactured and sold,{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} albeit with a higher rate of fuel duty. In Australia, owners of old cars that run on leaded petrol can buy leaded additives and mix them with octane 98 fuel (premium unleaded). ==Alternative antiknock agents== [[Antiknock agent]]s are grouped into "high-percentage" additives, such as alcohol, and "low-percentage" additives based on heavy elements. Since the main problem with TEL is its lead content, many alternative additives that contain less poisonous metals have been examined. A manganese-carrying additive, [[methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl]] (MMT or methylcymantrene), is used as an antiknock agent in Canada{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}}, but its use as a fuel additive had been banned in the U.S. until 1995. [[Ferrocene]], an organometallic compound of [[iron]], has also been reported as an effective antiknock agent. Lead replacement additives were scientifically tested, and some were approved by the Federation of British Historic Vehicle Clubs, at the UK's Motor Industry Research Association (MIRA) in 1999.<ref name = fbhvc>{{cite web | url = http://www.fbhvc.co.uk/fuel-information/ | title = Fuel Information | publisher = Federation of British Historic Vehicle Clubs}}</ref> High-percentage additives are organic compounds that do not contain metals, but they require much higher blending ratios, such as 20–30% for benzene and ethanol. It had also been established by 1921 that [[ethanol]] was an effective antiknock agent, but TEL was introduced for mainly commercial reasons to replace it.<ref name="Kitman"/> [[Oxygenate]]s, mainly methanol-derived [[MTBE]] and ethanol-derived [[ETBE]], have largely substituted the need for TEL. [[MTBE]] has environmental risks of its own and there are also bans on its use. ETBE, on the other hand, requires more expensive [[ethanol]] as a starting material. Improvements of the gasoline itself IN 2015 I DID YOUR MOTHER decrease the need for separate antiknock agents. Synthetic [[iso-octane]] and [[alkylate]] are examples of such blending stocks. Benzene and other high-octane [[Aromatic hydrocarbon|aromatics]] can be also blended to raise the octane number, but they are disfavored today because of toxicity and carcinogenity. ==Banning== Due to its [[lead poisoning|toxicity]], [[lead]] has been phased out of [[petroleum]] used in many countries. It is illegal in the following countries to sell or distribute [[leaded]] fuels for road vehicles. The date the ban was effected follows. {{Multicol}} ;Europe *Austria in 1989 *EU 1 January 2000 *Iceland *Monaco, 2000 *Norway *Switzerland, 2000 Leaded petrol (gasoline) started to be sold again, in small quantities, in the [[United Kingdom]] from 2000. The lead content is up to 0.15&nbsp;grams per litre and Bayford & Co are the only wholesale supplier.<ref name = fbhvc/> Aftermarket lead replacement additives were scientifically tested and some were approved by the Federation of British Historic Vehicle Clubs at the UK's Motor Industry Research Association ([[MIRA]]) in 1999. This page also includes a list of UK leaded petrol retailers. ;Africa Leaded petrol was completely phased out continent-wide on 1 January 2006, following a ban initiated from the 2002 Earth Summit.<ref>{{cite news | publisher = [[The Independent]] | url = http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/un-hails-green-triumph-as-leaded-petrol-is-banned-throughout-africa-521255.html | title = UN hails green triumph as leaded petrol is banned throughout Africa | author = Geoffrey Lean | date = 1 January 2006}}</ref> ;North America *Canada 1993 *California, USA, January 1, 1992 *USA in 1995 *Bahamas *Belize *Bermuda *Costa Rica *Dominican Republic *El Salvador *Guatemala *Haiti *Honduras *Mexico *Nicaragua *Puerto Rico *Trinidad and Tobago, 2000 {{Multicol-break}} ;South America *Argentina *Bolivia *Brazil *Chile *Colombia ;Asia *Japan 1986 *Hong Kong - April 1, 1999 *Malaysia *Singapore, 1998 *South Korea *Sri Lanka 1999 *Thailand *Bangladesh *Taiwan, 2000 *China, 2000 *Philippines, 2000 *India, 2000 *Nepal, 2000 *Indonesia, 2006 '''Oceania''' *Australia, Jan 2002 [http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200112/s449335.htm] *New Zealand, 1996 *Guam {{Multicol-end}} ==In literature== The effects of tetraethyllead are described in [[The Roman Hat Mystery]] by [[Ellery Queen]]. ==See also== * [[Lead]] * [[Lead poisoning]] * [[Elmer Keiser Bolton#World War I and E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company|Elmer Keiser Bolton]]'' * [[Ethyl Corporation]] * [[Organolead chemistry]] ==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==External links== *U.S. Gov't, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. [http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HEC/CSEM/lead/ Case Studies in Environmental Medicine (CSEM): Lead Toxicity] *U.S. Gov't, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. [http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts13.html ToxFAQs: Lead] *Australian Government, [http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/50.html National Pollutant Inventory - Lead and Lead Compounds Fact Sheet] *Kovarik, Bill (1999). [http://www.radford.edu/~wkovarik/papers/kettering.html Charles F. Kettering and the 1921 Discovery of Tetraethyl Lead] *[http://www.aopa.org/whatsnew/regulatory/regunlead.html True unleaded alternative for 100LL needed for general aviation] [[Category:Coordination compounds]] [[Category:Organolead compounds]] [[Category:Antiknock agents]] [[cs:Tetraethylolovo]] [[da:Tetraetylbly]] [[de:Tetraethylblei]] [[es:Tetraetilo de plomo]] [[fr:Tétraéthylplomb]] [[it:Piombo tetraetile]] [[nl:Tetra-ethyllood]] [[ja:テトラエチル鉛なまり]] [[no:Tetraetylbly]] [[pl:Tetraetyloołów]] [[pt:Tetraetilchumbo]] [[ru:Тетраэтилсвинец]] [[sk:Tetraetylolovo]] [[sl:Tetraetilsvinec]] [[fi:Tetraetyylilyijy]] [[sv:Tetraetylbly]] [[tr:Kurşun tetra-etil]] [[zh:四よん乙おつ基もと鉛なまり]]'