Timeline of Tehran

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Tehran, Iran.

Prior to 20th century

Video shows Tehran during years (Tahmasp Fortification 1550s, Naseri Fortification 1850s, current area and gates of the city)

1553 – City wall built.^[1]
1576 - Golestan Palace completed.
1660 - Grand Bazaar reported to be open.
1723 – Afghans (Pashtuns) occupy the city.^[2]
1751 – Takht-e Marmar built.
1759 – Khalvat Karim Khani built (approximate date).
1785 – Town besieged by forces of Agha Mohammad.^[3]
1786 – Mohammad Khan Qajar moves Iran's capital from Sari to Tehran.^[3]^[4]
1790 – Palace built (later became Qasr Prison).
1796 – Population: less than 15,000.^[5]
1810-25 - Construction of Shah Mosque. ^[2]
1829 – 11 February: Russian embassy attacked; Alexander Griboyedov and others killed.^[3]
1834 – Ali Mirza Zill-i Sultan in power.^[3]
1835 – Mohammad Shah Qajar in power.^[3]
1837 – Kaghaz-e Akhbar (newspaper) begins publication.
1851 – Dar ul-Funun (school) founded.
1861 – 1 March: Unrest.^[3]
1865 – Golestan Palace rebuilt.
1867 – Shams-ol-Emareh built.
1869
- City expanded by Naser al-Din Shah.^[2]
- Population: 155,000.^[6]
1872 – Jolfa-Tabriz-Tehran telegraph begins operating (approximate date).^[7]
1873
- City wall rebuilt.^[1]
- Museum founded by Naser al-Din Shah.^[8]
1881 – Baharistan Palace built.^[8]
1883 – Abyaze Palace built.
1888 – Teheran-Abd-al-Azim Railway begins operating.^[9] ^[2]
1889 – Imperial Bank of Persia headquartered in Tehran.^[9]
1896
- 1 May: Assassination of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar; Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar in power.^[3]
- Tarbiyat newspaper begins publication.
1899 – Tehran School of Political Sciences established.

20th century

1900s–1940s

1906
- "Bast of the constitutionalists at the British legation" occurs.^[3]^[10]
- Baharestan parliament building inaugurated.^[3] ^[2]
1907
- 31 August: Assassination of Mirza Ali Asghar Khan Amin al-Soltan.^[3]
- German School established.^[2]
1908
- Khalil-Khan Saghfi Alam-Edoleh [fa] becomes mayor.
- Bombardment of Iranian parliament by Russian forces.^[3]
1909
- 13–15 July: City taken by nationalist forces of Ali-Qoli Khan Bakhtiari.^[3]
- 18 July: Ahmad Shah Qajar in power.^[3]
1910 – Mirza Abbaskhan Mohandes Bashi Hodud becomes mayor.
1911 – Population: approximately 280,000.^[2]
1914 – Ebrahim-Khan Yomn-Olsaltaneh Monaghah becomes mayor.^[11]
1915 _ The Battle of Robat Karim was fought by the Iranian people,near Tehran, during the First World War and Persian campaign under the command of Heydar Latifiyan against the occupation of Iran by Russian forces.
1918
- School of Law established.
- Conservatory of Music founded.
1919 – Armaḡān literary journal begins publication.^(fa)[1]
1920 – Iran Club (football) founded.
1921
- 21 February: Persian Cossack forces occupy city during the 1921 Persian coup d'état.^[3]
- Zia'eddin Tabatabaee becomes mayor.
1923 – Karim Buzarjomehri becomes mayor.
1925 / 1304 SH – 31 March: Solar Hijri calendar legally adopted in Iran.
1926 – Ettela'at newspaper begins publication.
1929 – Governmental Technical Institute founded.
1931 – University of Tehran Botanical Garden founded.^[12]
1932 – The Second Eastern Women's Congress takes place in Tehran in Iran.
1934
- University of Tehran inaugurated.
- Gholi Hooshmand becomes mayor.^[11]
1937
- National Library of Iran inaugurated.
- Marble Palace completed.
1938
- Trans-Iranian Railway (Bandar Shah-Tehran-Bandar Shahpur) in operation.
- Ghasem Soor-Esrafil becomes mayor.^[11]
1939
- Rangsazi Iran was founded
1940
- Ali Asghar Foruzan becomes mayor.^[11]
- Population: 400,000.^[6]
1941 – Mostafa Gholi Ram [fa] becomes mayor, succeeded by Mohammad Sajjadi [fa].
1942
- Seyed Mehdi Emadolsaltaneh becomes mayor.^[11]
- Bread riot.^[13]
1943
- Tehran Conference held.^[14]
- Fazlollah Bahrami becomes mayor, succeeded by Abbasgholi Golshaeeyan [fa].^[11]
1944 – Gholam-Hossein Ebtehaj becomes mayor.^[11]
1945
- Fada'iyan-e Islam (political group) founded.^[15]
- Mahmood Nariman [fa] becomes mayor, succeeded by Mehdi Mashayekhi.^[11]
1947
- Institut français d'iranologie de Téhéran founded.
- Mohammad Khalatbari becomes mayor, succeeded by Hesamedin Dolatabadi [fa].^[11]
1949
- Apadana art gallery opens.^[16]
- Mohammad Mehran [fa] becomes mayor.

1950s–1960s

1950 – Mehdi Namdar becomes mayor.^[11]
1951
- Arsalan Khalatbari becomes mayor, succeeded by Mohammad Mehran [fa].^[11]
- Embassy of the United States, Tehran built.
1952 – Nostratollah Amini [fa] becomes mayor.
1953
- August – Coup d'état.
- Mohsen Nasr becomes mayor.^[11]
- City Park created.
1954 – Mohammad-Ali Saffari [fa] becomes mayor, succeeded by Gholam-Hossein Ebtehaj [fa].
1955
- Nosratollah Montasser [fa] becomes mayor.
- Alavi Institute founded.
1956
- Allameh Tabatabai University established.
- Population: 1,512,032.^[6]
- Mahmood Davaloo becomes mayor.^[11]
1957 – Mousa Maham [fa] becomes mayor.
1958
- Tehran Polytechnic and Tehran Zoo^[17] established.
- Tehran Biennial art exhibit begins.^[16]
- Mousa Maham becomes mayor.
- Ekbatan Town (Persian: شهرک اکباتان - Shahrak e Ekbātān).^{[clarification needed]}
1959
- Nasser Zolfaghari becomes mayor.^[11]
- World Wrestling Championships held.
1960
- Fathollah Forood becomes mayor.^[11]
- Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran established.
1961
- Mohsen Nasr becomes mayor.^[11]
- German Speaking Evangelical Church, Tehran built.
1962
- Ahmad Nafisi becomes mayor.
- Tehran War Cemetery built.
1963
- Ali Akbar Tavana becomes mayor, succeeded by Ziaedin Shadman [fa].^[11]
- Persepolis Athletic and Cultural Club established.
- Population: 2,317,116 (estimate).^[18]
1964
- Higher Educational Institute For Girls founded.
- International Regional Cooperation for Development headquartered in Tehran.^[19]
1965
- Mohandes Taghi Sarlak [fa] becomes mayor.
- Aryamehr Technical University and Hosseiniyeh Ershad (institute)^[15] founded.
1966
- Rey and Tajrish become part of Tehran.^[20]
- Malek National Library and Museum opens.^[21]
- Population: 2,719,730.^[6]
1967 – Mohammad-Ali Saffari [fa] becomes mayor, succeeded by Manouchehr Pirooz [fa].
1968
- April–May: International Conference on Human Rights held in city.^[22]^[23]
- Tehran derby (football contest) begins.
- National Botanical Garden of Iran established.^{[citation needed]}
- Niavaran Palace built.
- Javad Shahrestani becomes mayor.
1969 – Gholamreza Nikpey becomes mayor.

1970s–1990s

1971
- February: International OPEC meeting held in city; "Tehran Agreement" signed.^[19]
- Azadi Tower and Azadi Stadium built.
1972
- Teatr-e Shahr (theatre) and National Arts Museum inaugurated.
- Evin Prison built.
- Sister city relationship established with Los Angeles, USA.^[24]
1973
- Apadana Stadium opens in Ekbatan.
- Population: 4,002,000 (approximate).^[25]
1974 – September: 7th Asian Games (sport contest) held in city.
1976
- 16 September: Alleged UFO sighting.
- Carpet Museum of Iran founded.
1977 – Reza Abbasi Museum, Jamshidieh Stone Garden, and Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art^[16] open.
1978
- 8 September: Protesters shot in Zaleh Square.
- Javad Shahrestan becomes mayor again.
1979
- 1 February: Ayatollah Khomeini returns.
- 30–31 March: National Iranian Islamic Republic referendum held.
- 4 November: Students seize United States embassy and its occupants; Iran hostage crisis begins.^[26]
- Mohammad Tavasoli becomes mayor.
- Tehran Times newspaper begins publication.
1980
- Reza Zavarehi becomes mayor, succeeded by Seyed amal ol-din Neek Ravesh.^[11]
- Iranian legislative election, 1980 (Tehran, Rey, Shemiranat and Eslamshahr) held.
- German Embassy School Tehran inaugurated.
1981
- 28 June: Hafte Tir bombing.
- Apadana Residential Complex built.
- Gholam-Hossein Deljoo becomes mayor.^[11]
1982
- Mohammad Kazem Seyfian [fa] becomes mayor.
- Population: 5,734,000 (estimate).^[27]
1983
- Center for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia and Institut Français de Recherche en Iran established.
- Hossein Bonakdar becomes mayor, succeeded by Mohammad-Nabi Habibi.^[11]
- Musala of Tehran built.
1985 – Abrar newspaper begins publication.^[28]
1986 – Concept of "Greater Tehran" in use.^[20]
1987 – Morteza Tabatabaei becomes mayor.^[11]
1988
- Tehran International Book Fair begins.^{[citation needed]}
- Gholamhossein Karbaschi becomes mayor.
1989
- 11 June: Funeral of Ayatollah Khomeini.
- Mausoleum of Khomeini built.
- Tehran International Puppet Theatre Festival begins.^[29]
1991 – Bahman Cultural Center opens.
1992
- February: International Economic Cooperation Organisation summit held in Tehran.^[19]
- Hamshahri newspaper begins publication.
- Trolleybus begins operating.
- Iranian Crown Jewels on display at the Central Bank.
1996 – Population: 6,758,845.^[30]
1997 – November: 1st West Asian Games (sport contest) held in city.
1999
- February: Local election held
- July: Student protest.^[26]
- Tehran Metro begins operating.
- City Council of Tehran begins.
- Morteza Alviri becomes mayor.

21st century

2000s

2002
- Mohammad-Hassan Malekmadani elected mayor, succeeded by acting mayor Mohmmad-Hossein Moghimi.
- Shahid Dastgerdi Stadium and Shahid Derakhshan Stadium built.
- Film Museum of Iran in Bagh-e Ferdows and Iranian National Museum of Medical Sciences History open.
2003
- February: Local election held.
- June: Protest against clerics.^[26]
- Al Alam television begins broadcasting.
- Mahmoud Ahmadinejad becomes mayor.
2004
- February: Asian Indoor Athletics Championships held in city.
- Tehran Imam Khomeini International Airport opens.
2005
- 6 December: Iranian Air Force C-130 crash occurs.
- Tehran International Tower and Bank Markazi Tower built.
- Ali Saeedlou becomes mayor, succeeded by Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf.
2006
- Population: 7.5 million (approximate).
- Iran Dokht [fa] magazine headquartered in Tehran.^[31]
2007
- Milad Tower built.
- Tehran Peace Museum opens.
- International Festival of Peace Poetry begins.
2008
- Tehran Bus Rapid Transit begins operating.
- Safir Office Machines Museum and Mellat Cinema Complex open.
2009
- Election protests.

2010s

2010
- January: Assassination of scientist Masoud Alimohammadi in Gheytarieh.^[26]
- April: International Conference on Disarmament and Non-Proliferation held in city.
- May: International 14th G-15 summit held in city.
- Election protests.
- Disappeared statues.
2011
- Protests.
- November: British Embassy attacked.^[26]
- Population: 8,154,051.^[32]
2012
- August: International 16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement held in city.
2013
- Local election.
2014
- June: Sandstorm.^[33]
- City becomes part of newly formed national administrative Region 1.

2020s

2021
- Alireza Zakani becomes the mayor of Tehran.
2022
- Mahsa Amini protests
2024
- Hamas political leader Ismail Haniyeh assassination.

References

^ ^a ^b Eckart Ehlers. "Cities: Modern Urbanization and Modernization in Persia". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Britannica 1910.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Bosworth 2007.
^ Hambly, Gavin R.G. (1991). "Agha Muhammad Khan and the Establishment of the Qajar Dynasty." The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 104–144. ISBN 9780521200950.
^ G.A. Olivier (1802), Reise durch das Türkische Reich, Egypten und Persien, während der ersten sechs Jahre der französischen Republik oder von 1792 bis 1798 (in German), Weimar: Verlag des Landes-Industrie-Comptoirs, OCLC 13068445 Quoted in: Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Firoozi 1974.
^ Hooshang Amirahmadi (2012). Political Economy of Iran under the Qajars: Society, Politics, Economics and Foreign Relations 1796–1936. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0-85772-258-4.
^ ^a ^b Baedeker 1914.
^ ^a ^b "Persia". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1922.
^ J. Calmard (1988). "Bast". Encyclopædia Iranica.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u "Previous Mayors". Tehran Municipality, Public & International Relations Department. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
^ "Garden Search: Iran". London: Botanic Gardens Conservation International. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
^ McFarland 1942.
^ Richard Overy, ed. (2013). New York Times Book of World War II 1939–1945. Hachette Books. ISBN 978-1-60376-377-6.
^ ^a ^b John L. Esposito (2003). Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-975726-8.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Iran, 1900 A.D.–present". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
^ Vernon N. Kisling, ed. (2000). "Zoos and Aquariums of the World (chronological list)". Zoo and Aquarium History. USA: CRC Press. pp. 369+. ISBN 978-1-4200-3924-5.
^ "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1965. New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations. 1966. pp. 140–161.
^ ^a ^b ^c Richard Green (2004). Chronology of International Organizations. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-35590-6.
^ ^a ^b Hourcade 2005.
^ Christopher Markiewicz and Nir Shafir, ed. (2014). "Malek National Library and Museum". Hazine: a Guide to Researching the Middle East and Beyond.
^ International Conference on Human Rights Teheran (1968), Final Act, United Nations, OL 5452289M
^ Edmund Jan Osmańczyk (2003). Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-93922-5.
^ "Sister Cities of Los Angeles". USA: City of Los Angeles. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
^ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1976). "Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1975. New York. pp. 253–279.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e BBC News (16 August 2011). "Iran Profile: Timeline". BBC News. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
^ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1987). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1985 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 247–289.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ "Iran". Europa World Year Book. Europa Publications. 2004. ISBN 978-1-85743-255-8.
^ Don Rubin; et al., eds. (2001), World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: Asia/Pacific, Routledge, ISBN 9780415260879
^ "Countries of the World: Iran". Statesman's Yearbook 2003. UK: Palgrave Macmillan. 2002. ISBN 978-0-333-98096-5.
^ Monroe Price (ed.). "Wiki". Iran Media Program (in English and Persian). University of Pennsylvania, Annenberg School for Communication, Center for Global Communication Studies. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
^ "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 2015. United Nations Statistics Division. 2016.
^ "Freak Sandstorm". BBC. 2 June 2014.

This article incorporates information from the Persian Wikipedia, French Wikipedia, and German Wikipedia.

Bibliography

in English

"Shah of Persia", Quarterly Review, no. 269, London: John Murray, pp. 258+, 1873, hdl:2027/njp.32101076533361. (includes brief description of Tehran)
Edward Balfour (1885), "Teheran", Cyclopaedia of India (3rd ed.), London: B. Quaritch
S.G.W. Benjamin (1885). "The City of Teheran". Century Magazine. 31 (2).
Samuel Greene Wheeler Benjamin (1887), "The City of Teheran", Persia and the Persians, London: J. Murray
George Nathaniel Curzon (1892), "Teheran", Persia and the Persian Question, London: Longmans, Green & Co., OCLC 3444074
"Teheran", Chambers's Encyclopaedia, London: W. & R. Chambers, 1901, hdl:2027/njp.32101065312959
"Teheran", Jewish Encyclopedia, vol. 12, New York, 1906, hdl:2027/mdp.49015002282441{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Abraham Valentine Williams Jackson (1906), "Tehran", Persia Past and Present: a Book of Travel and Research, New York: Macmillan
Houtum-Schindler, Albert (1910). "Teheran (city)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). pp. 506–507.
"Teheran", Russia with Teheran, Port Arthur, and Peking, Leipzig: K. Baedeker, 1914, OCLC 1328163
"Teheran". Encyclopaedia of Islam. E.J. Brill. 1936. p. 713?+. ISBN 9004097961.
Stephen L. McFarland (1985). "Anatomy of an Iranian Political Crowd: The Tehran Bread Riot of December 1942". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 17 (1): 51–65. doi:10.1017/S0020743800028762. JSTOR 163309. S2CID 153740042.
Ferydoon Firoozi (1974). "Tehran: A Demographic and Economic Analysis". Middle Eastern Studies. 10 (1): 60–76. doi:10.1080/00263207408700263. JSTOR 4282511.
Hushang Bahrambeygui (1977), Tehran: an urban analysis, Sahâb, OCLC 5672777
Mansoureh Ettehadieh Nezam-Mafi. "Patterns in Urban Development: the Growth of Tehran (1852–1903)", in Edmund Bosworth and Carole Hillenbrand, eds., Qajar Iran: Political, Social and Cultural Change 1800–1925 (Costa Mesa: Mazda, 1992), pp. 199–212.
Ali Madanipour. Tehran: The Making of a Metropolis (New York: John Wiley, 1998).
Xavier de Planhol (2004). "Tehran". Encyclopædia Iranica.
C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Tehran". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. pp. 503–519. ISBN 978-9004153882.
Michael R.T. Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley, eds. (2008), "Tehran", Cities of the Middle East and North Africa, Santa Barbara, USA: ABC-CLIO, pp. 348+, ISBN 9781576079195
Aḥmad Monzawī; ʿAlī Naqī Monzawī (2012). "Bibliographies and Catalogues in Iran: Tehran". Encyclopædia Iranica.

in other languages

Xavier de Planhol. "De la ville islamique à la métropole iranienne: quelques aspects du développement contemporain de Téhéran," dans Recherches sur la géographie humaine de l'Iran septentrional (in French) (Paris: 1964).
Paul Vieille and K. Moheni, "Ecologie culturelle d'une ville islamique: Téhéran," Revue Géographique de l'Est 9:3–4 (1969): 315–359. (in French)
Paul Vieille. Marché des terrains et société urbaine. Recherche sur la ville de Tehran (in French) (Paris: Anthropos, 1970).
Bernard Hourcade [in French] (1974). "Téhéran: évolution récente d'une métropole". Méditerranée (in French). 16 – via Persée.
Martin Seger [in German] (1975). "Strukturelemente der Stadt Teheran und das Modell der modernen orientalischen Stadt". Erdkunde (in German) (29). ISSN 0014-0015.
Martin Seger (1978). Tehran: Eine stadtgeographische Studie (in German). Springer. ISBN 0387813683.
Chahryar Adle; Bernard Hourcade, eds. (1992). Téhéran capitale bicentenaire. Bibliothèque Iranienne (in French and English). Paris: Institut français de recherche en Iran. ISBN 2-87723-055-4.
Bernard Hourcade (2005). "L'émergence des banlieues de Téhéran". Cahiers d'études sur la Méditerranée orientale et le monde turco-iranien (in French) (24: Métropoles et métropolisation).
Mina Saïdi-Sharouz, ed. (2013). Le Téhéran des quartiers populaires: Transformation urbaine et société civile en République islamique (in French). Paris: Éditions Karthala. ISBN 978-2-8111-0931-8.

External links

Houchang E. Chehabi (ed.). "Cities: Tehran". Bibliographia Iranica. USA: Iranian Studies Group at MIT. (Bibliography)
"Tehran". Islamic Cultural Heritage Database. Istanbul: Organization of Islamic Cooperation, Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013.
ArchNet. "Tehran". Archived from the original on 10 October 2012.
Map of Tehran, 1947.
Items related to Tehran, various dates (via Europeana)
Items related to Tehran, various dates (via Digital Public Library of America)

35°41′46″N 51°25′23″E / 35.69611°N 51.42306°E / 35.69611; 51.42306

[Ehlers-1] Eckart Ehlers. "Cities: Modern Urbanization and Modernization in Persia". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 16 February 2017.

[FOOTNOTEBritannica1910-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Britannica 1910.

[FOOTNOTEBosworth2007-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Bosworth 2007.

[4] Hambly, Gavin R.G. (1991). "Agha Muhammad Khan and the Establishment of the Qajar Dynasty." The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 104–144. ISBN 9780521200950.

[5] G.A. Olivier (1802), Reise durch das Türkische Reich, Egypten und Persien, während der ersten sechs Jahre der französischen Republik oder von 1792 bis 1798 (in German), Weimar: Verlag des Landes-Industrie-Comptoirs, OCLC 13068445 Quoted in: Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911.

[FOOTNOTEFiroozi1974-6] Firoozi 1974.

[Amirahmadi2012-7] Hooshang Amirahmadi (2012). Political Economy of Iran under the Qajars: Society, Politics, Economics and Foreign Relations 1796–1936. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0-85772-258-4.

[FOOTNOTEBaedeker1914-8] Baedeker 1914.

[Statesman1922-9] "Persia". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1922.

[10] J. Calmard (1988). "Bast". Encyclopædia Iranica.

[mayors89-11] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u "Previous Mayors". Tehran Municipality, Public & International Relations Department. Retrieved 4 February 2017.

[botanic-12] "Garden Search: Iran". London: Botanic Gardens Conservation International. Retrieved 1 February 2017.

[FOOTNOTEMcFarland1942-13] McFarland 1942.

[overy2013-14] Richard Overy, ed. (2013). New York Times Book of World War II 1939–1945. Hachette Books. ISBN 978-1-60376-377-6.

[Esposito2003-15] John L. Esposito (2003). Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-975726-8.

[Heilbrunn-wai11-16] "Iran, 1900 A.D.–present". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 1 February 2017.

[Kisling2000-17] Vernon N. Kisling, ed. (2000). "Zoos and Aquariums of the World (chronological list)". Zoo and Aquarium History. USA: CRC Press. pp. 369+. ISBN 978-1-4200-3924-5.

[18] "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1965. New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations. 1966. pp. 140–161.

[Green2004-19] Richard Green (2004). Chronology of International Organizations. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-35590-6.

[FOOTNOTEHourcade2005-20] Hourcade 2005.

[21] Christopher Markiewicz and Nir Shafir, ed. (2014). "Malek National Library and Museum". Hazine: a Guide to Researching the Middle East and Beyond.

[22] International Conference on Human Rights Teheran (1968), Final Act, United Nations, OL 5452289M

[23] Edmund Jan Osmańczyk (2003). Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-93922-5.

[24] "Sister Cities of Los Angeles". USA: City of Los Angeles. Retrieved 30 December 2015.

[25] United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1976). "Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1975. New York. pp. 253–279.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[bbc-chron-26] BBC News (16 August 2011). "Iran Profile: Timeline". BBC News. Retrieved 1 February 2017.

[27] United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1987). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1985 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 247–289.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[europa2004-28] "Iran". Europa World Year Book. Europa Publications. 2004. ISBN 978-1-85743-255-8.

[29] Don Rubin; et al., eds. (2001), World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: Asia/Pacific, Routledge, ISBN 9780415260879

[30] "Countries of the World: Iran". Statesman's Yearbook 2003. UK: Palgrave Macmillan. 2002. ISBN 978-0-333-98096-5.

[Annenberg-31] Monroe Price (ed.). "Wiki". Iran Media Program (in English and Persian). University of Pennsylvania, Annenberg School for Communication, Center for Global Communication Studies. Retrieved 12 February 2017.

[32] "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 2015. United Nations Statistics Division. 2016.

[33] "Freak Sandstorm". BBC. 2 June 2014.

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