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Wanli Era

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Wanli (simplified Chinese: 万まん历; traditional Chinese: 萬まん曆れき; pinyin: Wànlì; Wade–Giles: Wan-li; lit. 'ten thousand calendars'; 2 February 1573 – 27 August 1620; Qing dynasty avoided the naming taboo of Hongli 弘ひろ曆れき, the Qianlong Emperor, and wrote 曆れき as 歷へ, 厯, 厤) was the era name (nianhao) of the Wanli Emperor, the 14th emperor of Ming dynasty. The Wanli era lasted for 48 years, making it the longest era of the Ming. During the early years of the Wanli era, Zhang Juzheng implemented a series of reform measures that resulted in continuous social and economic development and military victories, and the imperial court showed a restoration atmosphere. This period of prosperity became known as the "Wanli Restoration" (萬まん曆れき中興ちゅうこう). However, a dispute over succession (國本こくほん之の爭そう) arose, and the Wanli Emperor was prevented by his powerful advisors from naming his beloved son as crown prince. In a fit of anger, he refused to attend court for thirty years, resulting in a period of neglect known as the "Wanli's negligence" (萬まん曆こよみ怠だる政せい). During this time, factionalism among government officials was allowed to rise, leading to the Donglin factional strife (東ひがし林りん黨爭とうそう) and the use of the Three Cases of the Late Ming (明あきら末まつ三さん案あん) to further their own agendas. These actions ultimately contributed to the downfall of the Ming dynasty.

On 28 August 1620 (Wanli 48, 1st day of the 8th month), the Taichang Emperor ascended to the throne and continued to use the Wanli era name. The following year, the era was changed to Taichang. However, the Taichang Emperor died on 26 September (1st day of the 9th month) and reigned for only 30 days. On 1 October (6th day of the 9th month), the Tianqi Emperor ascended to the throne, and on 25 October (20th day of the 9th month), he issued an edict to change the era to "the first year of the Taichang era" from "the 8th month of the 48th year of the Wanli era" onwards, and the following year, the era was changed to Tianqi.[1][2]

The "Boxer Codex" depiction of Han Chinese costume during the Wanli era

Comparison table

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Wanli 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
AD 1573 1574 1575 1576 1577 1578 1579 1580 1581 1582
Sexagenary cycle Guǐyǒu (癸みずのと酉とり) Jiǎxū (甲きのえ戌いぬ) Yǐhài (乙おつ亥い) Bǐngzǐ (丙へい子こ) Dīngchǒu (丁ちょう丑うし) Wùyín (戊つちのえ寅とら) Jǐmǎo (己おのれ卯う) Gēngchén (庚かのえ辰たつ) Xīnsì (辛からし巳み) Rénwǔ (壬みずのえ午うま)
Wanli 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
AD 1583 1584 1585 1586 1587 1588 1589 1590 1591 1592
Sexagenary cycle Guǐwèi (癸みずのと未ひつじ) Jiǎshēn (甲きのえ申さる) Yǐyǒu (乙おつ酉とり) Bǐngxū (丙へい戌いぬ) Dīnghài (丁ちょう亥い) Wùzǐ (戊子ぼし) Jǐchǒu (己おのれ丑うし) Gēngyín (庚かのえ寅とら) Xīnmǎo (辛からし卯う) Rénchén (壬みずのえ辰たつ)
Wanli 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
AD 1593 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598 1599 1600 1601 1602
Sexagenary cycle Guǐsì (癸巳きし) Jiǎwǔ (甲きのえ午うま) Yǐwèi (乙未おとみ) Bǐngshēn (丙へい申さる) Dīngyǒu (丁ちょう酉とり) Wùxū (戊つちのえ戌いぬ) Jǐhài (己おのれ亥い) Gēngzǐ (庚かのえ子こ) Xīnchǒu (辛からし丑うし) Rényín (壬みずのえ寅とら)
Wanli 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
AD 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612
Sexagenary cycle Guǐmǎo (癸みずのと卯う) Jiǎchén (甲きのえ辰たつ) Yǐsì (乙おつ巳み) Bǐngwǔ (丙午ひのえうま) Dīngwèi (丁未ていみ) Wùshēn (戊つちのえ申さる) Jǐyǒu (己おのれ酉とり) Gēngxū (庚かのえ戌いぬ) Xīnhài (辛からし亥い) Rénzǐ (壬みずのえ子こ)
Wanli 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
AD 1613 1614 1615 1616 1617 1618 1619 1620
Sexagenary cycle Guǐchǒu (癸みずのと丑うし) Jiǎyín (甲きのえ寅とら) Yǐmǎo (乙おつ卯う) Bǐngchén (丙へい辰たつ) Dīngsì (丁ちょう巳み) Wùwǔ (戊つちのえ午うま) Jǐwèi (己おのれ未ひつじ) Gēngshēn (庚申こうしん)

Other regimes' era names that existed during the same period

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  • China
    • Tianming (天命てんめい, 1616–1626): Later Jin—era name of Nurhaci
    • Hongwu (弘武ひろたけ, 1619): Ming period—era name of Li Xin (李り新しん)
    • Tianzhenhun (天真てんしん混こん, 1619): Ming period—era name of Li Wen (李り文あや)
  • Vietnam
    • Gia Thái (嘉よしみ泰たい, 1573–1577): Later Lê dynasty—era name of Lê Thế Tông
    • Quang Hưng (光興みつおき, 1578–1599): Later Lê dynasty—era name of Lê Thế Tông
    • Thận Đức (慎まき德いさお, 1600): Later Lê dynasty—era name of Lê Kính Tông
    • Hoằng Định (弘ひろし定じょう, 1600–1619): Later Lê dynasty—era name of Lê Kính Tông
    • Vĩnh Tộ (永えい祚, 1619–1629): Later Lê dynasty—era name of Lê Thần Tông
    • Sùng Khang (崇たかし康やすし, 1568–1578): Mạc dynasty—era name of Mạc Mậu Hợp
    • Diên Thành (延のべ成なり, 1578–1585): Mạc dynasty—era name of Mạc Mậu Hợp
    • Đoan Thái (端はし泰たい, 1585–1588): Mạc dynasty—era name of Mạc Mậu Hợp
    • Hưng Trị (興きょう治ち, 1588–1591): Mạc dynasty—era name of Mạc Mậu Hợp
    • Hồng Ninh (洪ひろし寧やすし, 1591–1592): Mạc dynasty—era name of Mạc Mậu Hợp
    • Vũ An (武安たけやす, 1592): Mạc dynasty—era name of Mạc Toàn
    • Bảo Định (寶たから定じょう, 1592): Mạc dynasty—era name of Mạc Kính Chỉ
    • Khang Hựu (康かん佑たすく, 1593): Mạc dynasty—era name of Mạc Kính Chỉ
    • Càn Thống (乾いぬい統みつる, 1593–1625): Mạc dynasty—era name of Mạc Kính Cung
    • Long Thái (隆りゅう泰やすし, 1618–1625): Mạc dynasty—era name of Mạc Kính Khoan
    • La Bình (羅ら平ひらめ, 1594): Later Lê dynasty—era name of Vũ Đăng (武たけ登のぼる)
    • Phúc Đức (福德ふくとく, 1596–1597): Later Lê dynasty—era name of Nguyễn Đương Minh (阮當明あきら)
    • Đại Đức (大德だいとく, 1595–1597): Later Lê dynasty—era name of Nguyễn Minh Trí (阮明智めいち)
  • Japan

See also

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References

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  1. ^ History of Ming, Volume 21: "〔萬まん曆れき〕四よん十じゅう八はち年ねん七なな月がつ，神かみ宗はじめ崩くずし。……八はち月がつ丙午ひのえうま朔ついたち，即そく皇帝こうてい位い。大赦たいしゃ天下でんか，以明年ねん為ため泰たい昌あきら元年がんねん。……熹宗即位そくい，從したがえ廷臣ていしん議ぎ，改あらため萬曆四十八年八月後為泰昌元年。" Volume 22: "〔萬まん曆れき四よん十じゅう八はち年ねん〕九きゅう月がつ乙おつ亥い，光ひかり宗むね崩くずれ，遺のこ詔みことのり皇すめらぎ長子ちょうし嗣皇帝位ていい。……庚かのえ辰たつ，即そく皇帝こうてい位い。詔みことのり赦天下か，以明年ねん為ため天啟てんけい元年がんねん。"
  2. ^ "Wang Xiaohu's (汪ひろし小しょう虎とら) "Da Ming Taichang yuan nian Tatong li" kao (《大明だいめい泰たい昌あきら元年がんねん大だい统历》考こう)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-10-24. Retrieved 2021-10-24.

Bibliography

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  • Li, Chongzhi (December 2004). 中國ちゅうごく歷代れきだい年號ねんごう考こう [Zhongguo Lidai Nianhao Kao] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Co. ISBN 7101025129.
  • Deng, Hongbo (March 2005). 東亞とうあ歷史れきし年表ねんぴょう [Chronology of East Asian History] (in Chinese). Taipei: National Taiwan University Program for East Asian Classics and Cultures. ISBN 9789860005189. Archived from the original on 25 August 2007. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
Preceded by Ming dynasty era name
1573–1620 		Succeeded by
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