Yang Nandi

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Yang Nandi
楊難敵てき
Worthy King of the Left (左ひだり賢けん王おう)
Reign317–334
PredecessorYang Maosou
SuccessorYang Yi
Personal details
BornUnknown
Lueyang County, Shaanxi
Died334
Cheng County, Gansu
In this Chinese name, the family name is Yang.

Yang Nandi (died 334) was a ruler of Chouchi during the Jin dynasty (266–420) and Sixteen Kingdoms period. He was the son of Yang Maosou who founded Chouchi in 296. During his reign, attacks on Chouchi by Former Zhao and Cheng-Han became more frequent. Nandi met these with mixed results, sometimes having to resort to vassalage, but was ultimately successful in preserving the survival of Chouchi.

Early life and career[edit]

Nandi was the son of Yang Maosou, a Di chieftain from Qingshui County in Lueyang Commandery, who in 296, led his followers to Chouchi and declared independence during Qi Wannian's rebellion in Qinzhou and Yongzhou.

In an unspecified year, Nandi sent his adopted son to Liangzhou for a business trip. However, he was caught and executed by the provincial inspector, Zhang Guang (張ちょう光ひかり) when it was discovered that he had illegally sold a slave. Nandi was angry when he heard of his son's death and bore a grudge against Zhang Guang.[1]

By 313, Zhang Guang was at war with a rebel named Yang Hu (楊虎). Both sides called for Chouchi to aid them and Maosou chose to support Zhang Guang in their conflict. Nandi was sent to assist Zhang Guang but due to their bad history and Zhang's refusal to grant him funds, Nandi was not eager to help him. Meanwhile, Yang Hu decided to win over Nandi with bribes and also told him that Zhang Guang possessed innumerous amount of treasure for Nandi to take if he were to fight him. In the end, Nandi agreed to join Yang Hu but waited to catch Zhang Guang off guard.[2]

Zhang Guang and Yang Hu's armies met with one another later that year. Zhang Guang had his son Zhang Mengchang (張ちょう孟はじめ萇) lead the front while Nandi defended the rear. As the two sides fought, Nandi attacked Mengchang from behind. Nandi and Yang Hu routed Zhang Guang's army and killed Zhang Mengchang. Zhang Guang retreated back into Hanzhong, where he died shortly after and was succeeded by his son Zhang Mai (張ちょう邁). However, in a later battle, Zhang Mai went missing and was replaced by his subordinate Hu Zixu (胡えびす子こ序じょ).[3]

Nandi and Yang Hu pressed on into Hanzhong, causing Hu Zixu to abandon the city. The attackers dug up Zhang Guang's grave and had his corpse burnt. Nandi then took Zhang Guang's dancers and instrument before appointing himself the new Inspector of Liangzhou.[4] In 314, Yang Hu plundered the region and fled to Cheng-Han. Around the same time, the people of Liangzhou rose up against Nandi and ousted him back to Chouchi before surrendering their territory over to Cheng-Han.[5]

Reign[edit]

Yang Maosou died in 318 and Nandi would take his throne. Upon ascending the throne, Nandi chose to split command over the state between him and his younger brother, Yang Jiantou (楊堅頭あたま). Nandi became the Worthy King of the Left and based in Xiabian (下した辯べん; northwest of present-day Cheng County, Gansu) while Jiantou became Worthy King of the Right and based in Hechi (河かわ池ち, in modern Baoji, Shaanxi).[6]

In 322, Former Zhao invaded Chouchi. The Zhao emperor, Liu Yao, personally led the army to conquer him. Nandi brought his troops out to attack the invading army but was defeated, so he retreated back to his defenses. Many of the Di and Qiang tribes in Chouchi began to surrender to Liu Yao, and Liu had them relocated to Chang'an. As Liu Yao marched into Chouchi, a plague struck his army and Liu Yao himself had caught a disease. Liu Yao wanted to retreat but was worried that Nandi would attack from behind. Instead, he sent an envoy in the form of Wang Guang (王おう獷) to negotiate with Nandi. After lengthy discussions regarding his position, Nandi was convinced by the envoy to become a vassal to Zhao. For his submission, Nandi was showered with new offices including that of the Prince of Wudu.[7]

Chouchi's vassalage would barely last a year, however. Capitalizing his victory over Chen An in Qinzhou in 323, Liu Yao invaded Former Liang and Chouchi to keep up with his momentum. Liang submitted to Zhao's authority leaving Chouchi the last of Zhao's western rivals. Nandi and Jiantou fled to Cheng-Han through Hanzhong. The Zhao general Liu Hou (劉りゅう厚あつし) pursued them and captured a number of their followers. Zhao occupied Chouchi and had Tian Song (田た崧) to serve as the Inspector of Yizhou. Nandi surrendered to Cheng-Han and even sent hostages but managed to bribe the Han general and nephew to the emperor Li Xiong, Li Zhi (李り稚やや) to not send him to the Cheng capital, Chengdu.[8]

When the Zhao forces withdrew, Nandi occupied Chouchi and betrayed Cheng-Han. Li Zhi regretted his miscalculation and begged Li Xiong to have him lead a campaign against Nandi. Despite objections from minister, Li Xiong sent Li Zhi on his way together with Zhi's brothers Li Han (李り琀), Li Shou (李り壽ひさし) and Li Wu (李り玝) to subdue him. In the campaign, Li Han and Li Wu were blocked by Nandi's soldiers while Li Zhi and Li Shou marched too deep into Chouchi until they reached Xiabian. Li Zhi and Li Shou were encircled and killed by Nandi's troops while their armies were nearly decimated, causing Cheng-Han to retreat.[9]

Back when Nandi recaptured Chouchi, he captured Tian Song along with it. In 325, Nandi demanded him to pay respect to him but instead, Tian Song told him "You Di cur! How can a border commander appointed by the Son of Heaven bow down before a bandit?" Nandi attempted to calmed him down but Tian Song only grew more aggressively. After insulting him one last time, Tian Song grabbed a sword and plunged at him. Nandi escaped with no injury and had Tian Song ordered to be executed.[10]

For the next few years, Nandi continued to face invasion from his neighbours. In 327, the Zhao general Liu Lang (劉りゅう朗あきら) attacked Chouchi but only captured very few territory before retreating.[11] In 331, it was Cheng-Han that attacked Chouchi. This time, Cheng-Han managed to get Nandi to submit after capturing Yinping (陰平かげひら; present-day Wen County, Gansu) and Wudu.[12] Nandi died in 334, and was succeeded by his son Yang Yi.[13]

References[edit]

  1. ^ (初はつ，茂しげる搜さがせ子こ難なん敵てき遣や養子ようし適てき賈梁州しゅう，私わたし買かい良人りょうじん子こ一いち人にん。光ひかり怒いか，鞭むち殺ころせ之これ。難なん敵てき以是怨光，曰：「使つかい君くん初はつ來らい，大荒おおあら之これ後ご，兵へい、民みん之の命めいじ，仰おおせ我わが氐活。氐有小しょう罪ざい，不能ふのう貰もらい也。」陰謀いんぼう討光。) Huayang Guozhi, Volume 7.9
  2. ^ (難なん敵てき求もとめ貨於光こう，光ひかり不ふ與あずか。楊虎厚あつ賂まいない難なん敵てき，且曰：「流民りゅうみん珍貨ちんか，悉在光こう所しょ，今いま伐き我わが，不ふ如伐光こう。」難なん敵てき大喜だいぎ。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 88
  3. ^ (九きゅう月がつ，光ひかり憤激ふんげき成なり疾やまし，僚屬勸すすむ光こう退すさ據よりどころ魏ぎ興きょう。光ひかり按劍曰：「吾われ受國重任じゅうにん，不能ふのう討賊，今こん得とく死し如登仙とうせん，何なに謂いい退すさ也！」聲こえ絕ぜっ而卒。州しゅう人じん推其少子しょうし邁領州しゅう事ごと，又また與あずか氐戰沒ぼつ，衆しゅう推始平ひら太守たいしゅ胡えびす子こ序じょ領りょう梁やな州しゅう。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 88
  4. ^ (冬ふゆ十じゅう月がつ，虎とら與あずか氐急攻おさむ州しゅう城じょう。子こ序じょ不能ふのう守もり，委ゆだね城じょう退すさ走はし。氐、虎とら得とく州しゅう城じょう，發光はっこう冢，焚其屍かばね喪も。難なん敵てき得とく光こう鼓吹こすい妓ぎ樂らく，自じ號ごう刺史しし。) Huayang Guozhi, Volume 7.9
  5. ^ (虎とら領りょう吏民入いれ蜀しょく。漢かん中ちゅう民みん張ちょう咸等討難敵てき。難なん敵てき退すさ還かえ。咸復入いれ蜀しょく。於是三州沒為雄矣...) Huayang Guozhi, Volume 8.9
  6. ^ (愍帝以為驃騎將軍しょうぐん、左ひだり賢けん王おう。時とき南陽なんよう王おう保たもつ在ざい上うえ邽，又また以戊搜さがせ子こ難なん敵てき為ため征せい南みなみ將軍しょうぐん。建けん興きょう五ご年ねん，戊つちのえ搜さがせ卒そつ，難なん敵襲てきしゅう位い。與あずか堅がた頭分かしらぶん部ぶ曲きょく，難なん敵てき號ごう左ひだり賢けん王おう，屯たむろ下か辯べん，堅けん頭あたま號ごう右みぎ賢けん王おう，屯たむろ河かわ池ち。) Book of Liu-Song, Volume 99
  7. ^ (趙ちょう主しゅ曜自將はた擊げき楊難敵てき，難なん敵てき逆ぎゃく戰せん不ふ勝かち，退すさ保ほ仇かたき池ち。仇かたき池ち諸しょ氐、羌及故こ晉すすむ王おう保たもつ將はた楊韜、隴西太守たいしゅ梁はり勛皆降くだ於曜。遷隴西にし萬まん餘よ戶こ於長安やす，進攻しんこう仇かたき池ち。會かい軍ぐん中大ちゅうだい疫，曜亦得とく疾やまし，將はた引兵還かえ；恐おそれ難なん敵てき躡其後ご，乃遣光國みつくに中ちゅう郎ろう將しょう王おう獷說難なん敵てき，諭さとし以禍福かふく，難なん敵てき遣や使つかい稱しょう藩はん。曜以難なん敵てき爲ため假かり黃き鉞、都と督とく益えき‧寧やすし‧南みなみ秦しん‧涼りょう‧梁はり‧巴ともえ六ろく州しゅう‧隴上‧西域せいいき諸しょ軍事ぐんじ、上うえ大將軍だいしょうぐん、益えき‧寧やすし‧南みなみ秦しん三さん州しゅう牧まき、武たけ都と王おう。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 92
  8. ^ (元もと帝みかど太ふとし興きょう四よん年ねん，劉りゅう曜伐難なん敵てき，與あずか堅がた頭あたま俱奔晉すすむ壽ことぶき，臣しん於李雄ゆう，曜退，復ふく還かえ仇かたき池ち。) Book of Liu-Song, Volume 99
  9. ^ (稚やや悔失計けい，連れん白雄しらお求もとめ伐き氐。雄お許もと之の。群臣ぐんしん多た諫，雄ゆう不ふ從したがえ。遣や稚やや兄けい琀以侍さむらい中ちゅう、中ちゅう領りょう軍ぐん統みつる稚やや攻おさむ難なん敵てき，由ゆかり白しろ水道すいどう；「壽ことぶき」遣や〔壽ことぶき〕與あずか稚やや弟おとうと玝由陰平かげひら入いれ，二道ふたみち討氐。難なん敵てき等とう先さき拒こばめ壽ことぶき、玝。玝、壽ことぶき不ふ進すすむ。而琀、稚やや逕至下か辨べん；以深入ふかいり無む繼つぎ，大だい為ため氐所破やぶ，稚やや、琀皆死し；死者ししゃ千せん餘人よにん。雄ゆう深ふか自じ咎とがめ責せめ，以謝百姓ひゃくしょう。琀，蕩とろけ之の元子もとこ，有ゆう名望めいぼう志こころざし尚なお，雄お欲よく傳でん以後いご嗣，甚痛惜つうせき之の。) Huayang Guozhi, Volume 9.2
  10. ^ (楊難敵襲てきしゅう仇かたき池ち，克之かつゆき；執と田た崧，立だて之の於前，左右さゆう令れい崧拜；崧瞋目め叱しか之これ曰：「氐狗！安あん有ゆう天子てんし牧まき伯はく而向賊ぞく拜はい乎！」難なん敵てき字じ謂いい之の曰：「子こ岱，吾われ當とう與あずか子こ共とも定てい大業おおわざ，子し忠ちゅう於劉氏し，豈あに不能ふのう忠ちゅう於我乎！」崧厲色しょく大言たいげん曰：「賊ぞく氐，汝なんじ本ほん奴やつ才ざい，何なに謂いい大業おおわざ！我わが寧やすし爲ため趙ちょう鬼おに，不爲ふため汝なんじ臣しん！」顧排一いち人にん，奪だつ其劍，前ぜん刺とげ難なん敵てき，不ふ中なか。難なん敵てき殺ころせ之これ。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 93
  11. ^ (趙ちょう武たけ衞まもる將軍しょうぐん劉りゅう朗あきら帥そち騎き三さん萬襲楊難敵於仇池，弗どる克かつ，掠かすめ三さん千せん餘よ戶こ而歸。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 93
  12. ^ (秋あき七なな月がつ，李り雄つよし將はた李り壽ひさし侵おかせ陰平かげひら，武たけ都と氐帥楊難敵てき降くだ之これ。) Book of Jin, Volume 7
  13. ^ (難なん敵てき死し，子こ毅あつし立りつ，自じ號ごう使し持じ節ぶし、龍りゅう驤將軍ぐん、左ひだり賢けん王おう、下した辨べん公おおやけ，以堅頭あたま子こ盤ばん為ため使し持じ節ぶし、冠かんむり軍ぐん將軍しょうぐん、右みぎ賢けん王おう、河かわ池いけ公こう。臣しん晉すすむ，晉すすむ以毅為ため征せい南みなみ將軍しょうぐん。) Book of Northern Wei, Volume 101
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