Zirconium phosphate
Zirconium phosphates (zirconium hydrogen phosphate) are acidic, inorganic cation exchange materials that have a layered structure with formula Zr(HPO4)2∙nH2O.[1] These salts have high thermal and chemical stability, solid state ion conductivity, resistance to ionizing radiation, and the capacity to incorporate different types of molecules with different sizes between their layers. There are various phases of zirconium phosphate which vary in their interlaminar spaces and their crystalline structure. Among all the Zirconium phosphate phases the most widely used are the alpha (Zr(HPO4)2∙H2O) and the gamma (Zr(PO4)(H2PO4)∙2H2O) phase. The salts have been widely used in several applications such as: drug delivery,[2][3] catalysis,[4] nanocomposite,[5] nuclear waste management,[6] clinical dialyzer,[7] among others.
Crystal structure
[edit]Zirconium phosphate crystal structure was elucidated by Clearfield and coworkers in 1968 by the single-crystal method.[8] The layered structure of
For the gamma phase (
References
[edit]- ^ Clearfield, A.; Stynes, J. A., The Preparation of Crystalline Zirconium Phosphate and Some Observations on Its Ion Exchange Behaviour. J Inorg Nucl Chem 1964, 26 (1), 117-129.
- ^ Díaz, A.; David, A.; Pérez, R.; González, M. L.; Báez, A.; Wark, S. E.; Zhang, P.; Clearfield, A.; Colón, J. L., Nanoencapsulation of Insulin into Zirconium Phosphate for Oral Delivery Applications. Biomacromolecules 2010, 11 (9), 2465-2470.
- ^ Díaz, A.; Saxena, V.; González, J.; David, A.; Casañas, B.; Carpenter, C.; Batteas, J. D.; Colón, J. L.; Clearfield, A.; Hussain, H. D., Chem. Commun., 2012,48, 1754-1756
- ^ Costantino, U.; Marmottini, F.; Curini, M.; Rosati, O., Metal exchanged layered zirconium hydrogen phosphate as base catalyst of the Michael reaction. Catal Lett 1993, 22 (4), 333-336.
- ^ Wu, H.; Liu, C.; Chen, J.; Yang, Y.; Chen, Y., Preparation and characterization of chitosan/
α -zirconium phosphate nanocomposite films. Polym Int 2010, 59 (7), 923-930. - ^ Scheetz, B. E.; Agrawal, D. K.; Breval, E.; Roy, R., Sodium zirconium phosphate (NZP) as a host structure for nuclear waste immobilization: A review. Waste Manage 1994, 14 (6), 489-505.
- ^ Nissenson, A.; Fine, R., Clinical dialysis. McGraw-Hill Medical Pub. Division: 2005.
- ^ Clearfield, A.; Smith, G. D., Crystallography and structure of
α -zirconium bis(monohydrogen orthophosphate) monohydrate. Inorg. Chem. 1969, 8, 431-436. - ^ Troup, J. M.; Clearfield, A., Mechanism of ion exchange in zirconium phosphates. 20. Refinement of the crystal structure of
α -zirconium phosphate. Inorg. Chem. 1977, 16, 3311-3314. - ^ Clearfield, A.; Costantino, U., Layered Metal Phosphates and their Intercalation Chemistry. In Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry, 1 ed.; Alberti, G.; Bein, T., Eds. Pergamon: New York, 1996; Vol. 7, pp 107-149.
- ^ Poojary, D. M.; Shpeizer, B.; Clearfield, A., X-Ray-Powder Structure and Rietveld Refinement of
γ -Zirconium Phosphate, Zr(PO4)(H2PO4)∙2H2O. J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 1995, 111-113. - ^ Curini, M.; Rosati, O.; Costantino, U., Heterogeneous Catalysis in Liquid Phase Organic Synthesis, Promoted by Layered Zirconium Phosphates and Phosphonates. Curr. Org. Chem. 2004, 8, 591-606.