Voiced bilabial fricative
Voiced bilabial fricative | |||
---|---|---|---|
IPA Number | 127 | ||
Audio sample | |||
Encoding | |||
Entity (decimal) | β | ||
Unicode (hex) | U+03B2 | ||
X-SAMPA | B | ||
Braille | ![]() ![]() | ||
|
Voiced bilabial approximant | |
---|---|
ʋ̟ | |
Audio sample | |
The voiced bilabial fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨B
. The official symbol ⟨
This letter is also often used to represent the bilabial approximant, though that is more precisely written with a lowering diacritic, that is ⟨
It is extremely rare for a language to make a phonemic contrast between the voiced bilabial fricative and the bilabial approximant. The Mapos Buang language of New Guinea contains this contrast. Its bilabial approximant is analyzed as filling a phonological gap in the labiovelar series of the consonant system rather than the bilabial series.[4] Proto-Germanic[5] and Proto-Italic[6] are also reconstructed as having had this contrast, albeit with [
The bilabial fricative is diachronically unstable (likely to be considerably varied between dialects of a language that makes use of it) and is likely to shift to [v].[7]
The sound is not the primary realization of any sound in English dialects except for Chicano English, but it can be produced by approximating the normal English [v] between the lips; it can also sometimes occur as an allophone of /v/ after bilabial consonants.
Features
[edit]Features of the voiced bilabial fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is bilabial, which means it is articulated with both lips.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
[edit]Voiced bilabial fricative
[edit]Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Akei | [ |
'four' | |||
Alekano | hanuva | [hɑnɯ |
'nothing' | ||
Angor | fufung | [ɸu |
'horn' | ||
Bengali | Eastern dialects | ভিসা | [ |
'Visa' | Allophone of /v/ in Bangladesh and Tripura; /bʱ/ used in Western dialects. |
Berta | [ |
'no' | |||
Catalan[8] | abans | [əˈ |
'before' | Approximant or fricative. Allophone of /b/. Mainly found in betacist (/b/ and /v/ merging) dialects. See Catalan phonology | |
Chinese dialects | Fuzhou[9] | chĕ̤ báik |
[t͡sœ˥˧ |
'eighth day of the month' | Allophone of /p/ and /pʰ/ in certain intervocalic positions.[9] |
Suburban Shanghainese | ve tse |
[ |
'bowl' | Usually [ɦu] or [u] in other Wu dialects[10] | |
Comorian | upvendza | [u |
'to love' | Contrasts with both [v] and [w] | |
Coptic | Bohairic | ⲧⲱⲃⲓ | [ˈdoː |
'brick' | Shifted to [w] with a syllable coda allophone of [b] in a later stage. |
Sahidic | ⲧⲱⲱⲃⲉ | [ˈtoː |
|||
Dahalo[11] | [koː |
'to want' | Weak fricative or approximant. It is a common intervocalic allophone of /b/, and may be simply a plosive [b] instead.[11] | ||
English | Some dialects | upvote | [ˈʌpˌ |
'upvote' | Less-common allophone of /v/ after [p], [b], or [m] (the more-common alteration being the shifting of the earlier consonant to [p̪], [b̪], or [ɱ], respectively, although [p̪v]/[b̪v]/[ɱv] exist in free variation with [p |
Chicano | very | [ |
'very' | May be realized as [b] instead. | |
Ewe[12] | Eʋe | [è |
'Ewe' | Contrasts with both [v] and [w] | |
Fijian | ivava | [i |
'shoe' | ||
German[13][14] | aber | [ˈaː |
'but' | Intervocalic and pre-lateral allophone of /b/ in casual speech.[13][14] See Standard German phonology | |
Hopi | tsivot | [tsi: |
'five' | ||
Japanese[15] | [ko̞ː |
'Kobe' | Allophone of /b/ only in fast speech between vowels. See Japanese phonology | ||
Kabyle | bri | [ |
'to cut' | ||
Kinyarwanda | abana | [a |
'children' | ||
Korean | 추후/chuhu/ |
[ˈt͡ɕʰu |
'later' | Intervocalic allophone of /h/ before /u/ and /w/. See Korean phonology | |
Luhya | Wanga Dialect | Nabongo | [na |
'title for a king' | |
Mapos Buang[4] | venġévsën | [ |
'prayer' | Mapos Buang has both a voiced bilabial fricative and a bilabial approximant as separate phonemes. The fricative is transcribed as ⟨v⟩, and the approximant as ⟨w⟩.[4] | |
Nepali | सभा | [sʌ |
'Meeting' | Allophone of /bʱ/. See Nepali phonology | |
Portuguese | European[16][17] | sábado | [ˈsa |
'Saturday' | Allophone of /b/. See Portuguese phonology |
Ripuarian | Colognian[citation needed] | wing | [ |
'wine' | Allophone of syllable-initial /v/ for some speakers; can be [ʋ ~ w ~ ɰ] instead.[citation needed] See Colognian phonology |
Sardinian | Logudorese[18] | paba | 'pope' | Intervocalic allophone of /b/ as well as word-initial /p/ when the preceding word ends with a vowel and there is no pause between the words.[18] | |
Turkish[19] | vücut | [ |
'body' | Allophone of /v/ before and after rounded vowels.[19] See Turkish phonology | |
Turkmen | watan | [ |
'country' | ||
Venda[20] | davha | /da |
'work party held by one who wants to have the land ploughed or cultivated' | Contrasts with /v/ and /w/ | |
Zapotec | Tilquiapan[21] | [example needed] | Allophone of /b/ |
Bilabial approximant
[edit]
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amharic[22] | አበባ | [a |
'flower' | Allophone of /b/ medially between sonorants.[22] | |
Asturian | abanicu | [a |
'swing' | Allophone of /b/ | |
Basque[23] | alaba | [ala |
'daughter' | Allophone of /b/ | |
Catalan[8] | abans | [əˈ |
'before' | Approximant or fricative. Allophone of /b/. Mainly found in betacist (/b/ and /v/ merging) dialects. See Catalan phonology | |
Japanese | [ |
'me' | Usually represented phonemically as /w/.[24] See Japanese phonology | ||
Kyrgyz | ооба | [оːˈ |
'yes' | Allophone of /b/ medially between vowels. | |
Limburgish[25][26] | wèlle | [ˈ |
'to want' | The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect. | |
Lombard | el nava via | [el ˈna |
'he was going away' | Regular pronunciation of /v/ when intervocalic. Used also as an allophone for other positions. | |
Mapos Buang[4] | wabeenġ | [ |
'kind of yam' | Mapos Buang has both a voiced bilabial fricative and a bilabial approximant as separate phonemes. The fricative is transcribed as {v}, and the approximant as {w}.[4] | |
Occitan | Gascon | lavetz | [laˈ |
'then' | Allophone of /b/ |
Ripuarian | Kerkrade[27] | sjwaam | [ʃ |
'smoke' | Weakly rounded; contrasts with /v/.[27] See Kerkrade dialect phonology |
Spanish[28] | lava | [ˈlä |
'lava' | Ranges from close fricative to approximant.[29] Allophone of /b/. See Spanish phonology | |
Swedish | Central Standard[30] | aber | [ˈɑː |
'problem' | Allophone of /b/ in casual speech. See Swedish phonology |
Ukrainian[31] | вона | [ |
'she' | An approximant; the most common prevocalic realization of /w/. Can vary with labiodental [ʋ].[31] See Ukrainian phonology |
Usage in Persian
[edit]This consonantal sound in Persian was once presented by the letter the letter ve and today, it is no longer in use. The example is archaic زڤان /za
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Ladefoged, Peter (1968). A Phonetic Study of West African Languages: An Auditory-instrumental Survey. p. 26.
- ^ Joyce Thambole Mogatse Mathangwane (1996). Phonetics and Phonology of Ikalanga: A Diachronic and Synchronic Study (PhD thesis). Berkeley: University of California. p. 79.
- ^ Ball, Martin J.; Howard, Sara J.; Miller, Kirk (2018). "Revisions to the extIPA chart". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 48 (2): 155–164. doi:10.1017/S0025100317000147. S2CID 151863976.
- ^ a b c d e Mose Lung Rambok; Hooley, Bruce (2010). Central Buang‒English Dictionary (PDF). Summer Institute of Linguistics Papua New Guinea Branch. ISBN 978-9980-0-3589-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-11-10.
- ^ Fulk, R.D. (2018). A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages. Studies in Germanic Linguistics. Vol. 3. Amsterdam: Benjamins. p. 102. doi:10.1075/sigl.3. ISBN 978 90 272 6312 4.
- ^ Silvestri, Domenico (1998). "The Italic Languages". In Ramat, Anna Giacalone; Ramat, Paolo (eds.). The Indo-European languages. Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 322–344.
- ^ Picard (1987:364), citing Pope (1966:92)
- ^ a b Wheeler (2005:10)
- ^ a b Zhuqing (2002:?)
- ^ Zhao, Yuan Ren (1928).
現代 吳 語 的 研究 "Study on Modern Wu Chinese".商務 印 書 館 . ISBN 9787100086202. - ^ a b Maddieson et al. (1993:34)
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:156)
- ^ a b Krech et al. (2009:108)
- ^ a b Sylvia Moosmüller (2007). "Vowels in Standard Austrian German: An Acoustic-Phonetic and Phonological Analysis" (PDF). p. 6. Retrieved March 9, 2013.. This source mentions only intervocalic [
β ]. - ^ Okada (1999:118)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:92)
- ^ Mateus & d'Andrade (2000:11)
- ^ a b (Italian) http://www.antoninurubattu.it/rubattu/grammatica-sarda-italiano-sardo.html Archived 2015-01-01 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Göksel & Kerslake (2005:6)
- ^ Madiba, M; Nkomo, D (2010-12-13). "The Tshivenda–English Thalusamaipfi/Dictionary as a Product of South African Lexicographic Processes". Lexikos. 20 (1). doi:10.4314/lex.v20i1.62719. hdl:11427/8892. ISSN 1684-4904.
- ^ Merrill (2008:109)
- ^ a b Hayward & Hayward (1999:48)
- ^ Hualde (1991:99–100)
- ^ Maekawa (2020).
- ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:155)
- ^ Peters (2006:117)
- ^ a b Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997:17)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:257)
- ^ Phonetic studies such as Quilis (1981) have found that Spanish voiced stops may surface as spirants with various degrees of constriction. These allophones are not limited to regular fricative articulations, but range from articulations that involve a near complete oral closure to articulations involving a degree of aperture quite close to vocalization
- ^ Engstrand (2004:167)
- ^ a b Žovtobrjux & Kulyk (1965:121–122)
- ^ "PERSIAN LANGUAGE i. Early New Persian". Iranica Online. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
References
[edit]- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
- Engstrand, Olle (2004), Fonetikens grunder (in Swedish), Lund: Studenlitteratur, ISBN 91-44-04238-8
- Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), Turkish: a comprehensive grammar, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415114943
- Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2), University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526, S2CID 145782045
- Hayward, Katrina; Hayward, Richard J. (1999), "Amharic", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 45–50, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, ISBN 0-521-65236-7, S2CID 249404451
- Hualde, José Ignacio (1991), Basque phonology, New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-05655-7
- Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Maddieson, Ian; Spajić, Siniša; Sands, Bonny; Ladefoged, Peter (1993), "Phonetic structures of Dahalo", in Maddieson, Ian (ed.), UCLA working papers in phonetics: Fieldwork studies of targeted languages, vol. 84, Los Angeles: The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group, pp. 25–65
- Maekawa, Kikuo (2020), "Remarks on Japanese /w/", ICU Working Papers in Linguistics, 10: 45–52, doi:10.34577/00004625
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana María; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000), The Phonology of Portuguese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823581-X
- Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
- Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
- Picard, Marc (1987), "On the Palatalization and Fricativization of W", International Journal of American Linguistics, 53 (3): 362–365, doi:10.1086/466063, S2CID 144308172
- Pope, Mildred (1966), From Latin to Modern French, Manchester: Manchester University Press
- Quilis, Antonio (1981), Fonética acústica de la lengua española, Gredos, ISBN 9788424901325
- Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997) [1987], Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (in Dutch) (2nd ed.), Kerkrade: Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer, ISBN 90-70246-34-1
- Wheeler, Max W (2005), The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-925814-7
- Zhuqing, Li (2002), Fuzhou Phonology and Grammar, Springfield, VA: Dunwoody Press, ISBN 9781881265931
- Žovtobrjux, M.A.; Kulyk, B.M. (1965), Kurs sučasnoji ukrajins'koji literaturnoji movy. Častyna I., Kiev: Radjans’ka škola