The Suffix -μ α in Aristophanes
V.—THE SUFFIX -
A familiar source of laughter in comedy and elsewhere in the lighter forms of literature and conversation is the substitution of an unexpected ending for the usual ending of a word. This shift of termination for the comic effect is well-known to readers of Aristophanes. Two previous investigations[1] were devoted to the study of those diminutives, character names, and patronymics, and those adjectives in -ικός in Aristophanes in which the comic element lies in the ending; the present article deals with a small group of nouns in -
The suffix -
In comedy, when these nouns in -
περίτριμμα Nub. 447 (= περίτριπτος). Cf. Bekk. Anecd. 59, 32. Like περίτριμμα
σόφισμα,[9] κύρμα,
στώμυλμα Ran. 92 (= στωμύλος), quoted in Dion. H., Ars Rhet. 10, 18. Cf. λάλημα Soph. Ant. 320.
κάθαρμα Pl. 454, Eupol. 117, fr. ap. Suid. s. v., "scum of the earth" (Rogers).[11]
πατάγημα Menand. fr. 913 (= λάλος
βρόντημα adesp. 965 (= ὁ ἐμβρόντητος,[12] Hesych.).
In a comic context Aristophanes uses the unusual form δέημα Ach. 1059 'beseechment', 'requestment', in place of the familiar word δέησις 'request' by a shift of termination from -σις to -
Aeschylus had a great fondness for derivatives in -
The sphere of use of forms in -ευμα derived from verbs in -εύω and -εύομαι may be defined with more exactness. Their great frequency in Euripides and rarity in Herodotus, Thucydides, and the orators are the striking facts about them. This becomes evident if one leaves out of account βούλευμα, κέλευ(
There is something of tragic bombast in the long trailing words βωμολοχεύματα, ἀλαζονεύματα, τερατεύματα, and κοβαλικεύματα, none of them high, dignified, or serious words in meaning. They are all used in the plural by Aristophanes. The last occurs in Eq. 332 preceded by πανουργίᾳ and θράσει. To these words κοβαλείᾳ (Dinarchus) would have corresponded in form; but, if a less abstract word with the meaning 'knavish deeds' had been desired, then κόβαλα (Eq. 417) or κόβαλα ἔ
χόρδευμα, ζώμευμα, and διεντέρευμα, are plainly comic coinages. Aristophanes made up the form χόρδευμα in Eq. 315 (cf. fr. 591) in place of χορδή (Ach. 1040, 1119, Nub. 455, fr. 461), partly no doubt for the purpose of getting a word that would more nearly correspond in form with κάττυμα ('shoe-sole'—'rissole'). In like manner he formed ζωμεύματα in Eq. 279 as a substitute for ζωμός—a word that is prominent in the thought and conversation of the Sausage-seller, cf. 357, 1174, 1178—in order that it might more closely resemble ζώματα, i. e., ὑποζώματα, for which it was used
- Trinity College, N. C.
- ↑ Comic Terminations in Aristophanes and the Comic Fragments. Part I: Diminutives, Character Names, Patronymics. (Baltimore, Murphy, 1902), and The Termination -κός, as Used by Aristophanes for Comic Effect, A. J. P. XXXI, 428–444.
- ↑ "Auch von anderen Verben hat Hippokrates, wie ich aus eigener Lektüre seiner meisten Schriften bestätigen kann, eine ungemeine Menge von -
μ α Bildungen." Fraenkel, Griechische Denominativa, S. 232. - ↑ See Cleomedes 2, 1, p. 166 Zieg.; Buresch, Rhein. Mus. 47, 347; Glaser, De ratione, quae intercedit inter sermonem Polybii et eum, qui in titulis saeculi III, II, I apparet, pp. 52 f.; Mayser, Gram. d. griech. Pap. aus d. Ptolemäerzeit, S. 24, 433 f.
- ↑
τ ὰ ἀγγέλματα Eur. Heracl. 660, 789 =τ ὰ ἠγγελμένα Thuc. 8, 97. τέχνημα Soph. Ph. 36 = τετεχνημένον (passive).α ἴσθημάτ ο ι κ ἀν νηπίοιςγ ε τ ῶν κ α κ ῶν ἐγγίγνεται Eur. I. A. 1243–4 =α ἰσθέσθαιτ ο ι κ ἀν νηπίοιςγ ε τ ῶν κ α κ ῶν ἐγγίγνεται. ἰδ ὼν ἄθροισμα (τ ο ῦ ὄχλου) Or. 874 = ἰδ ὼν τ ὸν ὄχλον ἀθροιζόμενον (or ἠθροισμένον). μηχανὴν πτερώματος Aesch. fr. 139 = μηχανὴν ἐπτερωμένην, the πτέρωμα being an ἐπτερωμένος ἄτρακτος. - ↑ Cf. Gildersleeve, Essays and Studies, p. 155; A. J. P. XXI 473.
- ↑ A word is counted but once in an author, no matter how many times it occurs there.
- ↑ De sermonis tragici per Euripidem incrementis, Halis Saxonum 1865, p. 14 f.
- ↑ Cf. Bremi on Dem. 18, 127.
- ↑ Cf.
τ α ῦτ ᾽ε ἶπ ε τ ὸ Θετταλὸν σόφισμα, ἤτοι ὁ ἐκ Θετταλίας σοφιστής. παίζειδ ᾽ ἴσωςπ ρ ὸςτ ὴν παροιμίαν ὁ Ἀθήναιος, Ath. 11b, and ὦ Θετταλὸν πάλαισμα Μυρτίλε, 308b. Cf. Eustath. 331, 35–40. - ↑ Cf. Aeschin 2, 40, Luc. Pseudolog. c. 32, Aeschrio ap. Ath. 335d, and ἄλημα in Soph. Aj. 381, 389.
- ↑ Cf. Luc. Dial. Mort. 2, 1, Jup. Trag. 52, Dem. 18, 128; 21, 185, 198.
- ↑ This meaning of βρόντημα is omitted in Liddell and Scott. For ἐμβρόντητος see Ar. Eccl. 793, Antiphan. 233, Philem. 44, Plat. Alc. 2 140c, Dem. 18, 243.
- ↑ Perhaps the desire for homoeoteleuton—σέβισμα
κ α ὶ δέημα—caused the use of the form here. - ↑ Cf. ὅρκωμα (= ὅρκος) Eum. 486, 768, δόλωμα (= δόλος) Cho. 1003, σκύφωμα (= σκύφος) fr. 184, κάρπωμα (= καρπός) Suppl. 1001, δέσμωμα (= δεσμός) Pers. 745,
κ .τ .λ . In some cases no verb in -όω has survived, cf. χαίτωμα (= χαίτη) Sept. 385, πλεύρωμα (= πλευρά, πλευρόν) Sept. 890, Cho. 682,κ .τ .λ . - ↑ Aeschylus has 34, Sophocles 21, and Euripides 28.
- ↑ Cf. Nauck, Trag. graec. frag2., p. 443 and adesp. 42.
- ↑ Cf. θαλάμευμα (= θάλαμος) Eur. Bacch. 120, lyric passage; λάτρευμα (= λάτρις) Tro. 1106, lyr. pas.; πόρθμευμα (= πορθμός) Aesch. Ag. 1558, lyr. pas.; γαμήλευμα (= γάμος) Cho. 625, lyr. pas.; κήδευμα (= κηδεστής) Soph. O. T. 85, Eur. Or. 477; πρέσβευμα (= πρεσβευτής) Eur. Suppl. 173; κινδύνευμα (= κίνδυνος) Soph. Ant. 42, O. C. 564, Eur. I. T. 1001; νύμφευμα (= νύμφη) Eur. Tro. 420; ἅγνευμα (= ἁγνεία) Tro. 501; τύμβευμα (= τύμβος) Soph. Ant. 1220; σκώπευμα (= σκώψ) Aesch. fr. 79; θεράπευμα (= θεραπεία) Phoen. 1549, lyr. pas.; ἡγεμόνευμα (= ἡγεμών) Phoen. 1492, lyr. pas.; τύρευμα (= τυρός) El. 496, Cycl. 162.
- ↑ A distinctly Euripidean word, cf. I. T. 1428, fr. 114.
- ↑ Cf. δινεύω in Eur. Phoen. 792. Here as always in Euripides the poetic δινεύω is in a lyric passage. Of the noun δίνη he is extremely fond. δινεύματα is Bentley's generally accepted conjecture, supported by the scholiast's explanation ὀρχήματα, for διανεύματα of the MSS.
- ↑ σμιλεύματα ἔργων = ἐσμιλευμένα (σμιλευτὰ) ἔ
ρ γ α . σμίλευμα is quoted from this passage by Poll. 7, 83. - ↑ It is found first in Pratin. 1, 1.
- ↑ A comparison of βωμολοχεύματα Eq. 902 with ἀλαζονεῖ
α ι 903 andθ ω π ε ῖα ι 890 shows that in the plural at least the forms in -μ α and those in -ι α have the same meaning, since "pluralizing abstract nouns makes them concrete", Gildersleeve, Syntax, § 44, cf. Kühner-Gerth, Griech. Gram. 1, p. 16 f. Of the two sets of derivatives those in -μ α are by nature nearer to concrete nouns than those in -ι α . - ↑
τ ὸ στρογγύλον, Ar. fr. 471, cf. schol. Plat. Apol. 19c: Ἀριστοφάνηςκ ω μ ῳδ ε ῖτ ο ἐπ ὶτ ῷ σκώπτεινμ ὲν Ε ὐριπίδην, μιμεῖσθαιδ ᾽α ὐτόν.
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