Eskimo
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See also: eskimo
English
[edit]
Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Attested since 1584,[1][2] ultimately from an Old Montagnais term. Ives Goddard's theory, accepted by most linguists today, is that it derives from Montagnais ayaškimew (“snowshoe-netter”). An older theory, defended by John Steckley due to its greater acceptance in Native oral traditions, but discredited[3] by linguists, is that it derives from a term meaning "eater(s) of raw meat".
Details.
- The theory most accepted among linguists today is that it derives from ayaškimew (“snowshoe-netter”) (compare Montagnais assime·w (“she laces a snowshoe”), Ojibwe ashkime (“s/he nets snowshoes”)), a term applied to the Mi'kmaq[4][2] and apparently later transferred to the Labrador Inuit.
- An older theory derives it from a term meaning "eaters of raw meat"; compare Cree askamiciw (“s/he eats it raw”) (Inuit are referred to in some Cree texts as askipiw, "eats something raw").[5][6][7] John Steckley argues in favor of this theory because of its greater acceptance in native oral traditions, and because the Huron, historical allies and trading partners of the Montagnais who loan-translated many names, also denote the Inuit using terms (e.g. Lorette Huron ok8ch iechronnon, Wyandot ok8chtronnon, both including -ok8ch- "to be raw") meaning "people of the raw", "people who eat something raw".[2]
In 1978, Montagnais-speaking Quebec anthropologist Jose Mailhot alternatively suggested Eskimo meant "people who speak a different language",[8][9] but Steckley considers her theory unlikely.[2]
The term may have entered English via Spanish esquimao, esquimal (used by Basque fishermen in Labrador).
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /ˈɛs.kɪ.məʊ/
- (General American) IPA(key): /ˈɛs.kɪ.moʊ/
Audio (Southern England): (file) - Hyphenation: Es‧kimo
Proper noun
[edit]Eskimo
- (dated, sometimes offensive) A group of indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic, from Siberia, through Alaska and Northern Canada, to Greenland, including the Inuit and Yupik.
- Any of the languages of the Eskimo.
Usage notes
[edit]- Eskimo has come to be considered offensive, especially in Canada, because it was widely thought to stem from a Cree pejorative meaning "eaters of raw meat"[10][8][9][5][6] (although both the Cree and Inuit ate raw meat).
- In Canada, it has been superseded by Inuit (for the peoples, and Inuvialuit for those in the Western Arctic). The term is still used worldwide by historians and archaeologists.
- In Alaska, indigenous Alaskans find this term too imprecise and prefer "Alaska Native", as "Eskimo" encompasses (and is the only encompassing term for) all the Arctic peoples including the Inuit Inupiat and the non-Inuit Yupik. However, Eskimo does not include the related Aleut people (Unangan).
- Greenland natives also call themselves Greenlanders (Greenlandic: kalaallit), and their language Greenlandic (kalaallisut).
Meronyms
[edit](group of people)
Related terms
[edit]Translations
[edit]group of native peoples
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language
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Noun
[edit]Eskimo (plural Eskimo or Eskimos or Eskimoes)
- (dated, sometimes offensive) A member of any of the Eskimo peoples.
- A dog of the American Eskimo breed.
- 1958, Henry P. Davis, The Modern Dog Encyclopedia, page 292:
- Yet many pure-bred, if unregistered, Eskimos are still kept along the Canadian border for use in sled racing.
- A dog of the Canadian Eskimo breed.
- (Canadian football, historical) A team member of the Canadian Football League's Edmonton Eskimos. (Obsolete as of 2020 with the team dropping this name in favour of Elks in 2021.)
Hyponyms
[edit](member of any of the Eskimo peoples)
Derived terms
[edit]Translations
[edit]member of the Eskimo people(s)
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Adjective
[edit]Eskimo (comparative more Eskimo, superlative most Eskimo)
- (sometimes offensive) Of or relating to the Eskimo peoples.
- In, of, or relating to the Eskimo languages.
Derived terms
[edit]Derived terms
Translations
[edit]of, or relating to an Eskimo, Eskimos or their language, languages
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References
[edit]- “Eskimo” in the Canadian Oxford Dictionary, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 2004.
- “Eskimo”, in Dictionary.com Unabridged, Dictionary.com, LLC, 1995–present.
- “Eskimo” in The New Oxford American Dictionary, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 2005
- Douglas Harper (2001–2024) “Eskimo”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.
- “Eskimo” and “Origin of the name Eskimo” in Wikipedia
- ^ in the writings of Richard Hakluyt, in the (now obsolete) spelling Esquimawes (compare French Esquimaux (“Eskimos”))
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 John Steckley, White Lies about the Inuit (2008)
- ^ “Eskimo”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
- ^ Ives Goddard, "Synonymy", in Arctic, ed. David Damas, vol. 5 of Handbook of North American Indians (1984), ed. William C. Sturtevant, pages 5–7 (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution); cited in Lyle Campbell, American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America (1997), page 394 (New York: Oxford University Press)
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 “Setting the Record Straight About Native Languages: What Does "Eskimo" Mean In Cree?”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name)[1], Native-languages.org, 2012 June 13 (last accessed)
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 “Eskimo”, in American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition, 2000[2], Bartleby, (Can we date this quote?), archived from the original on 2001-04-12
- ^ Pamela R. Stern, Historical Dictionary of the Inuit
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Jose Mailhot, L'étymologie de «Esquimau» revue et corrigée, Etudes Inuit/Inuit Studies 2-2:59–70 (1978)
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 “Cree Mailing List Digest: November 1997”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name)[3], 2018 August 6 (last accessed), archived from the original on 20 June 2012
- ^ Mark Israel, Eskimo (2012-06-13), archive (2012-04-03)
Anagrams
[edit]Dutch
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From French Esquimau; for more, see Eskimo. The theory that it derives from a word meaning “eater(s) of raw meat” is discredited.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]Eskimo m (plural Eskimo's, diminutive Eskimootje n)
- Eskimo (person)
Proper noun
[edit]Eskimo n
- the Eskimo language (group)
French
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Noun
[edit]Eskimo m (plural Eskimos)
- an Eskimo
Derived terms
[edit]- eskimo (adjective)
German
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]Eskimo m (strong, genitive Eskimos or Eskimo, plural Eskimo or Eskimos or Eskimo's)
Declension
[edit]Declension of Eskimo [masculine, strong]
Derived terms
[edit]Proper noun
[edit]Eskimo n (proper noun, strong, genitive Eskimo)
- Eskimo (language)
Synonyms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]Categories:
- English terms derived from Montagnais
- English terms derived from Spanish
- English 3-syllable words
- English terms with IPA pronunciation
- English terms with audio pronunciation
- English lemmas
- English proper nouns
- English uncountable nouns
- English dated terms
- English offensive terms
- English nouns
- English countable nouns
- English nouns with irregular plurals
- English indeclinable nouns
- English terms with quotations
- en:Canadian football
- English terms with historical senses
- English adjectives
- en:People
- Dutch terms derived from French
- Dutch terms with IPA pronunciation
- Dutch lemmas
- Dutch nouns
- Dutch nouns with plural in -s
- Dutch masculine nouns
- Dutch proper nouns
- Dutch neuter nouns
- French lemmas
- French nouns
- French countable nouns
- French terms spelled with K
- French masculine nouns
- fr:Demonyms
- German 3-syllable words
- German terms with IPA pronunciation
- German terms with audio pronunciation
- German lemmas
- German nouns
- German masculine nouns
- German proper nouns
- German neuter nouns