knead

English

Etymology

From Middle English kneden, from Old English cnedan, from Proto-West Germanic *knedan, from Proto-Germanic *knudaną, from Proto-Indo-European *gnet- (“to press together”).

Pronunciation

• (UK, US) enPR: nēd, IPA^(key): /niːd/

• Audio (US):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -iːd
• Homophones: kneed, need

Verb

knead (third-person singular simple present kneads, present participle kneading, simple past kneaded or (obsolete) knead, past participle kneaded or (archaic) kneaden or (obsolete) knodden)

2. (transitive) To work and press into a mass, usually with the hands; especially, to work, as by repeated pressure with the knuckles, into a well mixed mass, the materials of bread, cake, etc.
   • 2001, Özcan Ozan, Carl Tremblay, The Sultan's Kitchen: A Turkish Cookbook:

     Knead the dough by pressing down on it with the heels of both your palms and pushing it forward to stretch it, then pulling it back toward you...

3. (transitive, figuratively) To treat or form as if by kneading; to beat.
   • c. 1602, William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Troylus and Cressida”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iii]:

     I will knead him: I'll make him supple.

4. (intransitive, felinology) Of cats, to make an alternating pressing motion with the two front paws.
   • 1991, Grace McHattie, That's cats!: a compendium of feline facts:

     Cats knead with their paws when happy, just as they kneaded when feeding from their mothers as kittens.

   • 2001, John C. Wright, Judi Wright Lashnits, Ain't Misbehavin', Rodale, →ISBN, page 44:

     One of the most characteristic things that cats do is ”knead,” pushing their paws alternately against any invitingly soft area of their human friends' bodies like a baker kneading dough.

   • 2012, Uncle John's Bathroom Reader Cat Lover's Companion‎^[1], Simon and Schuster, →ISBN:

     Why do cats knead? When kittens are nursing, they knead against their mothers' bellies to draw out milk. A relaxed adult cat kneads your leg or a couch cushion to show that he's happy and content, as he was when he was a nursing baby.

5. (transitive) To mix thoroughly; form into a homogeneous compound.

Synonyms

• (mix): amalgamate
• (of cats, to make an alternating pressing motion): make biscuits
• (of cats, to make an alternating pressing motion): make muffins

Translations

to work and press into a mass

• Albanian: mbruaj, ngjesh (sq)
• Arabic: عَجَنَ (ar) (ʕajana), دَلَكَ (dalaka)

  Moroccan Arabic: عْجن (ʕjən)

• Armenian: հունցել (hy) (huncʻel) (dough)
• Aromanian: frimintu
• Azerbaijani: ovmaq, yoğurmaq (az) (dough etc)
• Belarusian: мясі́ць impf (mjasícʹ)
• Bulgarian: меся (bg) pf (mesja), замесвам (bg) impf (zamesvam), замеся pf (zamesja)
• Burmese: နယ် (my) (nai)
• Catalan: amassar (ca)
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 捏こね (zh) (niē), 揉もめ (zh) (róu), 搓揉 (zh) (cuōróu)

• Czech: hníst (cs) impf
• Danish: ælte
• Dutch: kneden (nl)
• Egyptian: (hbhb)
• Erzya: ичемс (ičems)
• Esperanto: knedi (eo)
• Even: монӈа- (monŋa-)
• Evenki: мэнӈимӣ (mənŋimī)
• Faliscan: fico (fico)
• Finnish: vaivata (fi), sotkea (fi)
• French: pétrir (fr)
• Gagauz: yuurmaa
• Galician: amasar (gl), gramar (gl), traballar (gl)
• Georgian: ზელა (zela), ჟღვლემა (žɣvlema), მოზელა (mozela), დაზელა (dazela)
• German: kneten (de)
• Greek: ζυμώνω (el) (zymóno)

  Ancient: μάσσω (mássō), φυράω (phuráō)

• Haitian Creole: petri
• Hebrew: לָשׁ (he)
• Hungarian: dagaszt (hu), gyúr (hu)
• Ido: petrisar (io)
• Interlingua: impastar
• Italian: manipolare (it), impastare (it), massaggiare (it), amalgamare (it), comprimere (it)
• Japanese: 捏こねる (ja) (こねる, koneru), 練ねる (ja) (ねる, neru)
• Karakhanid: یُغُرْماقْ (yuɣurmak)
• Khmer: ច្របល់ (km) (crɑbɑl)
• Korean: 이기다 (ko) (igida)
• Kyrgyz: жууруу (juuruu)
• Latin: depsō, fingō
• Macedonian: меси impf (mesi)
• Malayalam: കുഴയ്ക്കുക (kuḻaykkuka)
• Maltese: għaġen
• Maori: pokepoke, pōpō
• Middle English: kneden
• Mongolian: зуурах (mn) (zuurax)
• Nanai: монгичи- (moŋiči-)
• Norman: pêtri
• Norwegian: kna (no)
• Ottoman Turkish: یوغورمق (yuğurmak, yoğurmak)
• Pashto: اخښل (ps) (akhssəl)
• Persian: ورز دادن (fa) (varz dâdan), سرشتن (fa) (sereštan)
• Polabian: gnest
• Polish: gnieść (pl) impf, ugniatać (pl) impf, zagniatać (pl) impf, miesić (pl) impf
• Portuguese: amassar (pt), sovar (pt)
• Quechua: q'apiy
• Romanian: frământa (ro)
• Russian: меси́ть (ru) impf (mesítʹ), заме́шивать (ru) impf (zaméšivatʹ), замеси́ть (ru) pf (zamesítʹ)
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: гњечити impf

  Roman: gnječiti (sh) impf

• Slovak: miesiť, hniesť
• Slovene: mesiti (sl) (for dough uniquely), gnesti
• Southern Altai: јура- (ǰura-)
• Spanish: amasar (es), mullir (es)
• Swedish: knåda (sv)
• Tagalog: lapisain
• Thai: นวด (th) (nûuat)
• Turkish: yoğurmak (tr)
• Turkmen: ýugurmak
• Tày: cặn
• Udmurt: лайыны (lajyny)
• Ukrainian: міси́ти impf (misýty)
• Uyghur: يۇغۇرماق (yughurmaq)
• Vietnamese: nhào (vi)
• Walloon: prusti (wa)
• Welsh: tylino (cy)
• Yiddish: קנעטן (knetn)
• Zazaki: alawıtene (diq), ra'lütene, mişte kerdene

(of cats) to press on a surface to relax

• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 踩奶 (cǎinǎi)

• French: tricoter (fr), patouner (fr)
• Italian: impastare (it)
• Japanese: ふみふみ (fumifumi)
• Turkish: masaj yapmak, yoğurmak (tr), yoğurma hareketi yapmak

Noun

knead (plural kneads)

1. The act of kneading something.
   • 2011, Andrew Whitley, Bread Matters:

     Do not expect the dough to be very manageable even after a good knead.

See also

• baking board
• dough

Anagrams

• Danek, Kaden, naked