stress
English
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From a shortening of Middle English destresse, borrowed from Old French destrecier, from Latin distringō (“to stretch out”).[1] This form probably coalesced with Middle English stresse, from Old French estrece (“narrowness”), from Vulgar Latin *strictia, from Latin strictus (“narrow”).
In the sense of "mental strain" or “disruption”, used occasionally in the 1920s and 1930s by psychologists, including Walter Cannon (1934); in “biological threat”, used by endocrinologist Hans Selye, by metaphor with stress in physics (force on an object) in the 1930s, and popularized by same in the 1950s.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]stress (countable and uncountable, plural stresses)
- (biology) A physical, chemical, infective agent aggressing an organism.
- (biology) Aggression toward an organism resulting in a response in an attempt to restore previous conditions.
- (countable, physics) The internal distribution of force across a small boundary per unit area of that boundary (pressure) within a body. It causes strain or deformation and is typically symbolised by
σ orτ . - (countable, physics) Force externally applied to a body which cause internal stress within the body.
- (uncountable) Emotional pressure suffered by a human being or other animal.
- Go easy on him, he's been under a lot of stress lately.
- (countable, phonetics, loosely) A suprasegmental feature of a language having additional attention raised to a sound, word or word group by means of of loudness, duration or pitch; phonological prominence.
- Synonym: accent
- Some people put the stress on the first syllable of “controversy”; others put it on the second.
- (countable, phonetics, strictly) The suprasegmental feature of a language having additional attention raised to a sound by means of of loudness and/or duration; phonological prominence phonetically achieved by means of dynamics as distinct from pitch.
- Synonym: stress accent
- Antonyms: pitch, pitch accent
- 2020 July 9, Steve Rapaport, “Parallel syncretism in early Indo-European”, in Bridget Drinka, editor, Historical Linguistics 2017: Selected Papers from the 23rd International Conference on Historical Linguistics, San Antonio, Texas, 31 July – 4 August 2017, page 59: ,
- The shift from pitch to stress appears to happen before the other obliques begin merging in the Proto-Italic, Proto-Germanic, Primitive Irish, and Middle Indo-Aryan. But further investigation into the timeline of sound changes […] shows that, at least in Germanic, the oblique and core noun stems sound quite unpredictably different in all these families by the time of the crucial accent shift from pitch to stress. […] once a language becomes stress-sensitive, there seems to be a strong tendency in early Indo-European languages to shift the stress to the first syllable. This change happens shortly after the change to stress accent in Proto-Germanic, Proto-Italic, and Proto-Celtic, and even Thessalian, with evidence from Dybo's Law and Verner's Law left behind to show that sound changes happened after the changes to stress accent.
- (uncountable) Emphasis placed on a particular point in an argument or discussion (whether spoken or written).
- Obsolete form of distress.
- 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto II”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:
- With this sad Hersal of his heavy stress,
The warlike Damzel was empassion's sore,
And said; Sir Knight, your Cause is nothing less
Than is your Sorrow , certes if not more
- (Scots law) distress; the act of distraining; also, the thing distrained.
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]- anti-stress
- combat stress reaction
- complex post-traumatic stress disorder
- critical incident stress management
- engineering stress
- eu-stress
- genotoxic stress
- internal stress
- nitrosative stress
- oxidative stress
- Peierls stress
- post traumatic stress disorder
- post-traumatic stress disorder
- posttraumatic stress disorder
- post-traumatic stress syndrome
- premenstrual stress
- primary stress
- residual stress
- secondary stress
- shear stress
- storm and stress
- stress ball
- stress deafness
- stress eating
- stress fracture
- stress-free, stressfree
- stressful
- stress function
- stress incontinence
- stress mark
- stress of weather
- stress puppy
- stress test
- stress-timed
- stress timing
- stresswise
- stress wood
- true stress
- yield stress
Translations
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Verb
[edit]stress (third-person singular simple present stresses, present participle stressing, simple past and past participle stressed)
- (transitive) To apply force to (a body or structure) causing strain.
- (transitive) To apply emotional pressure to (a person or animal).
- (intransitive, informal) To suffer stress; to worry or be agitated.
- (transitive) To emphasise (a syllable of a word).
- “Emphasis” is stressed on the first syllable, but “emphatic” is stressed on the second.
- (transitive) To emphasise (words in speaking).
- (transitive) To emphasise (a point) in an argument or discussion.
- I must stress that this information is given in strict confidence.
Synonyms
[edit]- (phonetics): emphasise/emphasize
- (on words in speaking): emphasise/emphasize
- (on a point): emphasise/emphasize, underline
Derived terms
[edit]Translations
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References
[edit]- ^ Keil, R.M.K. (2004) Coping and stress: a conceptual analysis Journal of Advanced Nursing, 45(6), 659–665
Related terms
[edit]Danish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]stress c or n (singular definite stressen or stresset, not used in plural)
Derived terms
[edit]Dutch
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]stress m (uncountable)
Derived terms
[edit]French
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- IPA(key): /stʁɛs/
Audio (Switzerland): (file)
Noun
[edit]stress m (uncountable)
- stress (emotional pressure)
Derived terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “stress”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Icelandic
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]stress n (genitive singular stress, no plural)
Declension
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Indonesian
[edit]Noun
[edit]stress (first-person possessive stressku, second-person possessive stressmu, third-person possessive stressnya)
- Nonstandard spelling of stres.
Adjective
[edit]stress
- Nonstandard spelling of stres.
Italian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]stress m (invariable)
Norwegian Bokmål
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Verb
[edit]stress
Portuguese
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]
- Hyphenation: stress
Noun
[edit]stress m (plural stresses)
Spanish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Unadapted borrowing from English stress.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]stress m (plural stresses)
Usage notes
[edit]According to Royal Spanish Academy (RAE) prescriptions, unadapted foreign words should be written in italics in a text printed in roman type, and vice versa, and in quotation marks in a manuscript text or when italics are not available. In practice, this RAE prescription is not always followed.
Swedish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from English stress. First attested in the 1950s.
Noun
[edit]stress c (uncountable)
Declension
[edit]Declension of stress | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Uncountable | ||||
Indefinite | Definite | |||
Nominative | stress | stressen | — | — |
Genitive | stress | stressens | — | — |
Further reading
[edit]- English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *streyg-
- English terms inherited from Middle English
- English terms derived from Middle English
- English terms derived from Old French
- English terms derived from Latin
- English terms derived from Vulgar Latin
- English 1-syllable words
- English terms with IPA pronunciation
- English terms with audio links
- Rhymes:English/ɛs
- Rhymes:English/ɛs/1 syllable
- English lemmas
- English nouns
- English uncountable nouns
- English countable nouns
- en:Biology
- en:Physics
- English terms with usage examples
- en:Phonetics
- English terms with quotations
- English obsolete forms
- en:Scots law
- English verbs
- English transitive verbs
- English intransitive verbs
- English informal terms
- Danish terms borrowed from English
- Danish terms derived from English
- Danish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Danish lemmas
- Danish nouns
- Danish common-gender nouns
- Danish neuter nouns
- Danish nouns with multiple genders
- Dutch terms borrowed from English
- Dutch terms derived from English
- Rhymes:Dutch/ɛs
- Rhymes:Dutch/ɛs/1 syllable
- Dutch terms with audio links
- Dutch lemmas
- Dutch nouns
- Dutch uncountable nouns
- Dutch masculine nouns
- French terms borrowed from English
- French terms derived from English
- French 1-syllable words
- French terms with IPA pronunciation
- French terms with audio links
- French lemmas
- French nouns
- French uncountable nouns
- French masculine nouns
- Icelandic terms borrowed from English
- Icelandic terms derived from English
- Icelandic 1-syllable words
- Icelandic terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Icelandic/ɛsː
- Rhymes:Icelandic/ɛsː/1 syllable
- Icelandic lemmas
- Icelandic nouns
- Icelandic neuter nouns
- Icelandic uncountable nouns
- Indonesian lemmas
- Indonesian nouns
- Indonesian nonstandard forms
- Indonesian adjectives
- Italian terms borrowed from English
- Italian terms derived from English
- Italian 1-syllable words
- Italian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Italian/ɛs
- Rhymes:Italian/ɛs/1 syllable
- Italian terms with audio links
- Italian lemmas
- Italian nouns
- Italian indeclinable nouns
- Italian countable nouns
- Italian masculine nouns
- Norwegian Bokmål terms borrowed from English
- Norwegian Bokmål terms derived from English
- Norwegian Bokmål non-lemma forms
- Norwegian Bokmål verb forms
- Portuguese 3-syllable words
- Portuguese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Portuguese lemmas
- Portuguese nouns
- Portuguese countable nouns
- Portuguese masculine nouns
- Spanish terms borrowed from English
- Spanish unadapted borrowings from English
- Spanish terms derived from English
- Spanish 2-syllable words
- Spanish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Spanish/es
- Rhymes:Spanish/es/2 syllables
- Spanish lemmas
- Spanish nouns
- Spanish countable nouns
- Spanish masculine nouns
- Swedish terms borrowed from English
- Swedish terms derived from English
- Swedish lemmas
- Swedish nouns
- Swedish common-gender nouns
- Swedish uncountable nouns