Ngalu
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/GDP_per_capita_%28nominal%29_2015.png/350px-GDP_per_capita_%28nominal%29_2015.png)
Template:Légende/Début 32 000 – Template:Monnaie 16 000 – Template:Monnaie 8 000 – Template:Monnaie 4 000 – Template:Monnaie | 2 000 – Template:Monnaie 1 000 – Template:Monnaie 500 – Template:Monnaie aucune donnée Template:Légende/Fin |
Ngalu ko njaru denndaangal jawdi ndi golloowo faggudu (galle, neɗɗo, ngenndi, ekn) jogii, tawa ina waawi heɓtineede e keɓal walla e ngalu[1], walla keɓaaɗo e ndonu walla dokkal.
Neɗɗo, renndo, walla leydi jogiindi jawdi keewndi, ina heewi siforeede “alɗuɓe.” To banŋe goɗɗo oo, so neɗɗo ina jogii jawdi ndi heewaa walla jawdi seeɗa eɗen kaala baasal, haa teeŋti noon so tawii kan ngonka newnantaa mo wuurdude e ndimaagu. Miijo jawdi ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri teeŋtude e fannu faggudu. Pewnugol ngalu e nder leydi (wonaa ngalu toowngu) e mawnugol ngol peewnugol ina etiree e nder geɗe leydi (NIP) e tolno mawnugol mum, walla so en teskaaki njartuɗi e ustagol jawdi, e immoraade geɗe nder kuuɓo (PIB) e ɓeydagol mum.
TaariiKa
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Feccere jawdi ko huunde nde miijotooɓe miijotoo gila e jamaanu ɓooyɗo. E miijo Platon, ngalu ina foti sennditeede e mbaadi potal, e wiyde Aristote, ina foti sennditeede e nder wakkilaare neɗɗo kala[1]. E naatgol miijo chrematistics, Aristote ñiŋii gollal mooftude ngalu fii koye mum, tawa wonaa ngam faandaare nde wonaa wellitaare neɗɗo.<span title="Ce passage nécessite une référence ; voir l'aide."><span typeof="mw:Entity">[</span>réf.<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>nécessaire<span typeof="mw:Entity">]</span></span> E nder yontaaji hakkundeeji, Saint Thomas Aquinas yiɗi hawrude miijo Aristote e jaŋde iisaayankooɓe, o ƴelliti filosofi ganndal. E nder ɗuum, o ƴetti miijooji Aristote jowitiiɗi e faggudu, o etii waylude miijo Eklesiya to banŋe njulaagu..
Gila teeminannde 16ɓiire haa e cakkital teeminannde 18ɓiire, doosgal faggudu merkantilism ina ɗaɓɓi alɗude leyɗeele-ngenndi ko adii fof e kaŋŋe ummoriiɗo e koloniiji (bullionism ƴellitii haa teeŋti e Espaañ e Portigaal), caggal ɗuum e njulaagu, kono kadi e mbaylaandi.
E nder feccere ɗimmere teeminannde 18ɓiire, Adam Smith, sosɗo ko wiyetee duɗal faggudu ɓooyngal, ñiŋii merkantilism, haa teeŋti noon e bullionism, nde o yeddi kaŋŋe e kaalis nafoore mum en e peeje ngalu, o teeŋtini wonde ko ɗum jawdi hertaniinde laamɗo. O hollitii wonde iwdi ngalu ngenndiiji ɓuri ummoraade e golle (miijo feccere golle), e mooftugol jawdi, e mawnugol luumo[1].
Caggal mum, peewnugol ngalu maa jokkondir e miijo geɗe peewnugol, ko ɗum woni ko ɓuri heewde e jawdi e golle.
Ɓamtaare miijanteeri
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Sifaa e peeje jawdi waylike e nder jamaanu ngun. Ɗe njokkondiri ko e mbaydi faggudu e oon saa'a e nafooje ɓurɗe heewde toon[1].
Teeminannde 16ɓiire yiyti ƴellitaare laana maaje. Kaŋŋe e kaalis ummortooɗo Amerik addani leyɗe Orop ngalu. Wonande merkantilist en, ngalu leydi ko ngu Dowla. Ina etiree e desorɗe kaŋŋe e kaalis ɗe o jogii. Udditgol laabi maaje ina addana njulaagu geɗe kese. Ko ɓuri heewde e njulaagu ina ɓeyda desorɗe kaŋŋe e kaalis. Toowgol njulaagu ina tabitinaa e doole konu. Jamiroore ɓurnde mawnude ummoraade e miijooji faggudu Eklesiya lomtinaama e yamiroore njulaagu..
Fisiyokaraat en
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Fisiyokraat en ina cikka wonde ngalu leydi nattii wonde tan ngu Dowla, kono ko hoɗɓe e mum fof[1]. Ɓe teeŋtini peewnugol ndema, peewnoowo ngalu tan. Peeje ngalu ngenndi rokkirtee ko peewnugol ndema ngal remooɓe ñaamataa. Jamiroore tagoore ndee lomtotoo ko yamiroore njulaagu.
Kilaasik en
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Kilaasik en peeñata ko e feeñde renndo gollordu. Golle ngonti nafoore teskinnde. Ko nafooje kuutoragol ngoni ngalu. Sariyaaji winndereeji ɗi ngalaa saa'a ina njiyloo peewnugol e mbaylaandi jawdi. Njuɓɓudi tagoore ina laamii jikkuuji aadee.
Marsist en
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Karl Marx ina yiyloo sariyaaji keertiiɗi peewnugol kapitaal. Hono no kilaasik en (kono e waɗde peeje keewɗe e miijooji mum en) o miijii wonde nafoore marsandiis e ɗuum waɗi, coggu luumo nguu ina taarii ɗum, ina teskaa e keewal golle potɗe waɗeede e nder hakkundeere ngam peewnugol marsandiis. E makko, wakilaagu yimɓe e nder renndo ina jokkondiri no feewi e golle maɓɓe to baŋŋe ngalu[1]. Jamiroore ndee ina toɗɗii ngonkaaji daartol e jokkondiral renndo.
Neo-kilaasik en
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Renndo ina yiyee e neokilaasik en ko dental yimɓe. E wiyde Friedrich Hayek faggudu nduu ina laamii jamirooje gonɗe e hoore mum. Ɗee jamirooje ndartinaama e nder yontaaji e suɓaade jikkuuji baawɗi addande renndo ngoo golloraade no haanirta nii. Yimɓe ngalaa baawɗe e dow maɓɓe. Ngalu ina etiree e nafoore kaalis marsandiis e sarwisaaji (nafoore wattito).
Ɓe juɓɓule
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Wonande ɓe juɓɓule en, juɓɓule ina njogii darnde mawnde e faggudu. Eɗe mbaawi wallitde golle moƴƴe e nder njuɓɓudi ndii, eɗe mbaawi kadi anndude jikkuuji gollotooɓe e faggudu[1]. Yuɓɓo hiisa wonaa neɗɗo gooto kono ko fedde renndo. Nafoore renndo ina foti artireede e ƴeewndo faggudu. Ngalu renndo ina ƴeewtee e nafooje renndo mum.
Miijooji kesi
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Yiylo kollitooje
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]PIB, kollitoore peewnugol jawdi leydi hitaande kala
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Hannde, geɗel gootel ngel (PIB) woni ko hollirta sosde ngalu leydi e nder hitaande. Ngalu nguu ina ƴeewtee e nafoore gostondiral (nafoore luumo). PIB ina luurdi e ko yowitii e faggudu mum e ko yowitii e ko hollirta sosde ngalu. Goomu Stiglitz teskike « sikkitaare e ŋakkeende peeje gollorɗe faggudu jooni ɗee, haa teeŋti noon e peeje tuugiiɗe e PIB »[1]. Fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e faggudu e ƴellitaare (OCDE) anndini wonde ñiŋooje PIB kollitooje peewnugol ngalu hitaande kala ina ngoodi, ina woodi kadi daliilu yahrude yeeso[2]. Ñaawooje ɗee ina njowitii e ŋakkeende ko ɓuri heewde e ko fayti e duumagol e nder fannuuji faggudu, ekolosii e renndo[1].
Ngalu e nder senngo njulaagu
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Wonande Daniel Bachet ngalu ngu sosiyetee oo yaltini ngu wonaa keɓal kono ko nafoore ɓeydaande. Nguun ngalu ina foti renndeede hakkunde gollotooɓe[1].
Nafoore renndo
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Wonande André Orléan « nafoore ndee wonaa e geɗe ɗee ; ko peewnugol renndo ngo addanta nguurndam e nder renndo”[1]. Wonande Catherine Dartiguepeyrou « siifde ngalu e nder teeminannde 21ɓiire ko huunde ɓurnde teeŋtude e naamnal politik, ngal noddata ko suɓaade men siwlisaaku, nafooje e paandaale rennduɗe ngam huutoraade »[2]. Hono ngool jeewte ina ɗaɓɓi sosde kollitooje kese. Dental Orop ƴettii 155 kollitooje renndinde e nder tiitooɗe sappo jowitiiɗe e geɗe renndo e ekolosii[3]. Kollitooje faggudu goɗɗe keewɗe ina ngoodi, tawa ina teskaa ŋakkeende PIB. Kono hay etaade renndinde ɗe e nder kolliroowo sintetik gooto, alaa ko nafi.
Ngalu ngu wonaa luumo
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Njiylawu kollitooje jawdi kesi ina udditana nokkuure mo ngonaa njulaajo e dokkal, iwdi nguurndam moƴƴam, jokkondiral renndo e ballondiral. Yaasi kin e hoore mum kadi ko iwdi ngalu. Miijo ngalu noon ina mofti e feƴƴi nafoore faggudu[1].
Ngalu darnde ndee ina heewi hollireede e Wikipedia walla e lowre udditiinde, kono eɗen mbaawi kadi siftinde yeruuji enformatik tokoosi, enternet walla peccal buumiingal, ɗi Eric von Hippel sifotoo kuutorɗe mum en « kesam-hesamaagu denndinɗo » .
Ngalu gollondiral ummorii ko e golle Koolondiral, Koolondiral e Koolondiral.
Ngalu jokkondiral ina yahdi e mbaawka sosiyetee ngam weltinnde e jokkondirde e nokku mum[1].
Ngalu dental ummotoo ko e yirwere fedde. Ina etee, ina ɓeydee e golle njuɓɓudi ko wayi no jeneral Electrik, Kriteo, walla sosiyeteeji rimɗinaaɗi.
Ngalu renndo fawii ko e sifaa jokkere enɗam walla jokkondiral anndinde, jokkondiral duumingal e nafoore[1].
Ngalu taariindi, nafoore ndonu tago, ina ɓeydoo e ƴellitaare tago, e softinde ñaamde e ƴellitde mborosaaji[1].
Ilugol e moftirɗe
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Wonande ganndal faggudu hannde ngal, ngalu faggudu ina hawra e denndaangal geɗe ɗe kuutoragol mum en walla jeyi mum en yahdata e wellitaare haajuuji. Ko ɗum waɗi ko njuɓɓudi jawdi faggudu ndi golloowo faggudu gooto walla ko ɓuri ɗum jogii[1]. Ngalu ina ƴeewtee to bannge faggudu e nder diƴƴe keewɗe :
- eɗen mbaawi ƴeewtaade ngalu to bannge neɗɗo, galle, njulaagu, ngenndi walla kad neɗɗaagu nguu fof;;
- eɗen mbaawi ƴeewtaade so tawii ko ngalu jogaangu (ndonaandi) walla tagoore ngalu (keɓal). Waɗi noon, eɗen mbaawi janngude so tawii ko moftufde jawdi walla ilol jawdi kesiri[1] ;
- eɗen mbaawi ƴeewtaade so tawii ko ngalu kaalis (tiitoonde jawdi walla ñamaale dokkuɗe hakke heɓde ngalu) walla ngalu “goonga” (kaalis) gollotooɓe e faggudu[1].
Ɓeyda jawdi jawdi e jawdi jawɗi e nder haala ɓeydaaki jawdi tagdi, jawdi jawɗeele e jawdi nder ummaatooje boo waawi yaajugo.
Ngalu hertaniingu neɗɗo
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Lloyd Shapley e Alvin Roth, keɓɗo njeenaari Nobel to bannge faggudu e hitaande 2012 ndi Banke Laamɗo Suwed rokki, ina cikki wonde ngalu neɗɗo ina anndiree wellitaare nde geɗe keɓtinaaɗe ndokki. Ko adii kala cooggu, ko jerondiral hakkunde sadak e weltaare[1].
Ngalu neɗɗo ko huunde tiiɗnde e ngonka renndo[1],[2] hay so tawii noon wonaa tan wano ɗum hollirta e miijo alɗuɗo keso[3],[4],[5],[6] ,[7]. ] (waktuuji goɗɗi ina njokkondiri e “miskineeɓe kesi”)[8].
Janngirɗe to internet, e nder ladde e nder laboratuwaaruuji baɗaaɗi e annduɓe renndo e annduɓe hakkillaaji ina kollita wonde ngalu neɗɗo ina addana neɗɗo sifaa solipsism[1] : ina wayla hakkillaaji hakkille[2]. Wontude alɗuɗo to bannge limto ina heewi waɗde neɗɗo jom njurum, mo yurmeende mum famɗi[3] e mo yurmeende mum ina famɗi, ina usta jikkuuji moƴƴi[4] e waylude hakkille renndo[5],[6] e ustude mbaawka waɗde hay ko “yiytere” ina waɗa hakkille e woɗɓe e caɗeele maɓɓe. Kono tan, yurmeende ina jeyaa e geɗe wellitaare. Nii woni e hitaande 2012, almudɓe alɗuɓe kollitii koye mum en ina mbaawi waasde yurmaade woɗɓe nde ƴeewata wideyoo holliroowo sukaaɓe wonduɓe e rafi kanseer e hitaande 2016 wiɗto hollitii[7] wonde e nder mbedda, yimɓe alɗuɓe ina ƴeewa ko wonaa... ɓeen wonɓe e renndooji goɗɗi. En njiyii kadi jokkondire hakkunde jaabawol empathic neuronal e ngonka renndo[8].
Firo wooto ina waawi wonde wonde alɗuɓe ina mbaawi soodude sarwisaaji e gollinde woɗɓe tawa naamnaaki wonɓe e saraaji mum en ballal, ɗum noon ina haɗa ɗum en jogaade ngal ɗoo nanondiral renndoyankeewal e hoɗdiiɓe ɓe ngalaa jawdi ko'e mum en. Hakindo e nder winndere ndee, alɗuɓe ina ɓeydoo alɗude, ɗum noon ina adda naamne jowitiiɗe e paandaale ustude ŋakkeende potal.
E nder leyɗeele goo ko wayi no Dawlaaji Dentuɗi ɗum ina waawi addande ɗum en waɗde “renndooji uddiiɗi” alɗuɓe[1].
limto
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Ngalu ndonu
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Ciimtol ngalu winndereewol ngol Capgemini e Merrill Lynch mbaɗi hitaande kala ina siftina « yimɓe jogiiɓe ngalu keewngu » (helmere « neɗɗo alɗuɗo » maa huutore e maanaa gooto e heddiiɓe e ndeeɗoo feccere) ko ɓeen jogiiɓe ko famɗi fof miliyoŋaaji 1 dolaar Ameriknaaɓe[1] e ngalu kaalis e jawdiiji goɗɗi baawɗi huutoreede, tawa ko e hoɗorde maɓɓe mawnde e jawdi duumotoondi[2]. Wonande alɗuɓe ɓurɓe heewde, ina waɗa ko famɗi fof 30 miliyoŋ dolaar. E nder winndere ndee, keewal alɗuɓe ɓeydiima gila e 8,8 miliyoŋ e hitaande 2005 haa 9,5 miliyoŋ e hitaande 2006 e 10,1 miliyoŋ e hitaande 2007, ɗum artii e 8,6 miliyoŋ e hitaande 2008, ɗum noon ko fotde 15% e nder hitaande wootere. Hakkunde 2007 e 2008, limoore yimɓe ɓurɓe alɗude ɓee ustiima gila e 103 000 haa 78 000, woni fotde 25%. Ngalu ngu alɗuɓe njogii ko 33,4 triliyoŋ dolaar e hitaande 2005, 37,2 triliyoŋ dolaar e hitaande 2007, 40,7 triliyoŋ dolaar e hitaande 2008, ko ɗum ɓuri famɗude e hitaande 2005.[3] .
E hitaande 2008, 29% e alɗuɓe ina njooɗii e leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik, 16% e Japon, 9% e Almaañ, ko ina tolnoo e 4,2% e Siin e kadi Angalteer, e 4% e Farayse. E nder leydi ndi, limoore alɗuɓe ustii gila e 396 000 haa 346 000 hakkunde 2007 e 2008[1].
2007 | 2008 | |
---|---|---|
Dawlaaji Dentuɗi | 3 019 | 2 460 |
Japon | 1 517 | 1 366 |
Almaañ | 833 | 810 |
Siin | 413 | 364 |
Leydi Angalteer | 491 | 362 |
Farayse | 396 | 346 |
Kanadaa | 281 | 213 |
Suwis | 212 | 185 |
Leyɗeele goɗɗe | 2 900 | 2 500 |
Winndere | 10 100 | 8 600 |
Cimtol jawdi winndere 2010 ummoraade e Citi Private Bank e Knight Frank, cifotooɗo "alɗuɓe" no feewi e huutoraade laabi ceertuɗi, ina rokka limooje goɗɗe, kono ko senndol immoraade leydi jerondiral.[1] E wiyde ngol ɗoo ciimtol, limoore « alɗuɓe » ustiima kadi fotde 17% hakkunde 2008 e 2009 - gila e 3 110 000 haa 2 519 000 to Amerik, gila e 309 000 haa 266 000 to Farayse.
Ko wayno noon, kono e huutoraade firo ngoɗngo, fedde Boston Consulting Group ina hiisi wonde limoore « alɗuɓe » ina tolnoo e 9,8 miliyoŋ e hitaande 2008 e 11,2 miliyoŋ e hitaande 2009, ɗum noon ko 14% ɓeydii. 42% e ɓee ɗoo alɗuɓe moƴƴa ngoni ko e dawlaaji dentuɗe Amerik (ina famɗi seeɗa e 30% e wiyde CapGemini). Ko ndeen fedde hiisiima ngalu aduna (ngalu gonngu e njuɓɓudi) ko ina tolnoo e 111,5 triliyoŋ dolaar e hitaande 2009, tawi noon ko 11,5% e hitaande 2008, tawi ina fotnoo artude e tolno 2007[1].
Juɓɓule tati cifaaɗe ɗee ina teskaa wonde, e nder kuuɓal, caɗeele kaalis 2007-2010 maa addan ɓe renndinde kaayitaaji e nder alɗuɓe, kono, e nder kuuɓal, ngonka maɓɓe kuuɓtodinka ina gasa tawa artii e hitaande 2010 e tolno 2007.
E hitaande 2012, jaaynde Business Insider yaltinii wiɗto laaɓtungo e yimɓe 20 ɓurɓe alɗude e daartol[1].
- John Davison Rokfeller, jom kuɓɓam
- Andere Karnegi, jom njamndi;
- Wiliyam jaaliiɗo, jaaliiɗo Angalteer;
- Korneliyus Vanderbilt, jom ngalu laana njoorndi ;
- Alain le Roux, lietnaa Wiliyam jaaliiɗo
- Bill Gates, ganndo ko faati e informatik ;
- Wiliyam de Warenne, lietnaa Wiliyam jaaliiɗo ;
- John Yaakuuba Astor, njulaagu daneeji;
- Riis Fitsalan;
- Sifaan Girar, banke;
- John mo Gaunt;
- Aleksanndere Turni Stewart;
- Frederik Weyeer;
- Henri, laamɗo Lankaster;
- Carlos Slim, jom golle telefoŋaaji ;
- Jay Gould, jom ngalu laana njoorndi
- Esteefaan Van Renselaer, jom leydi mawɗo ;
- Ladde Marsaal;
- Sam Walton, sosɗo Walmart;
- Warren Buffet, jom kaalis.
E wiyde ciimtol ngalu winndere ngol Ñamaande Suwis yaltini e cakkital hitaande 2013, ina waɗi 31 miliyoŋ dolaar e nder winndere ndee, tawi ina njogii 41% e ngalu winndere ndee. Fotde feccere e 100 000 “alɗuɓe-moƴƴa” jogiiɓe ko ɓuri 50 miliyoŋ dolaar ina jooɗii e dawlaaji dentuɗe Amerik[1]. E hitaande 2021, sabu ɓeydagol cogguuli jawdi jokkondirndi e peeje kaalis ƴettaaɗe e sahaa mboros Covid-19, ina waɗi 56 miliyoŋ miliyoŋaaɓe, ina ndennda 46% e ngalu winndere ndee, tawi ɓurɓe waasde ɓee ko waasɓe[2]. keɓal
Tommborde ɓurdal ina ɗaɓɓi e hitaande 2020 waɗde tolno ngalu e nder laabi ɗiɗi tolno nguurndam hakkundeejo, tawa ina nanndi e tolno baasal toɗɗaaɗo e 50% e tolno nguurndam hakkundeejo[1]. To leydi Farayse noon, neɗɗo ina waawi siforeede alɗuɗo so tawii ɓe keɓii ko ɓuri 3 470 oroo lewru kala caggal nde ɓe njoɓi njoɓdi e nafooje renndo. E wiyde fedde ndee, 5,1 miliyoŋ neɗɗo ina nguuri dow ngoo ɗoo tolno jawdi, woni 8,1% e yimɓe leydi ndii (doggi 2017). Ko ɓuri ngoo ɗoo tolno, ngalu ina waawi ɓurde heewde. E nder limre, yimɓe hakkunde 10% e 1% ɓurɓe alɗude ina njogii tolno nguurndam fotde 5 000 oroo e lewru kala hade mum en yoɓde njoɓdi e hitaande 2015. Jeyaaɓe e 1% ɓurɓe alɗude ina keɓa fotde 15 000 oroo e nder limre[2].
Ngalu e nder pinal
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Diineeji e miijooji
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Diineeji musrik ɓooyɗi ɓuri miijaade wonde reweteeɗi ina nguuri e jawdi, ina njogii nguurndam weeɓɗam. Njamndiiji e geɗe tedduɗe ina keewi kawtindireede e reweteeɗi e laamɓe. Won reweteeɗi jokkondirɓe e jawdi e nder won e diineeji ɓooyɗi walla hannde, ko wayi no Ploutos e nder Giriis ɓooyɗo, Plutus e Dis Pater e nder Rome, Sucellos e nder miijooji Celtic Gallic, Veles e nder miijooji Slavic, Lakshmi e Kubera e nder diine Hindu, laamɓe Caishenye e hitaande Siin ekn. Ina jeyaa kadi e sifaaji Fukurokuju e nder diine Shinto Japon.
Diineeji keewɗi ina nodda sadak rewrude e dokkal gootal wonande ɓeen ɓurɓe waasde (tzedaka e nder diine Yahuuda en, sadaka e nder diine kerecee en e lislaam, dāna e nder diine Budda ekn) ɗe njahrata ko e bannge renndinde jawdi. Salaade jawdi ina ɗaɓɓi e diineeji keewɗi walla e nder njuɓɓudiiji etikaaji, haa teeŋti noon wonande terɗe diineeji walla won e diineeji. E nder aadaaji Kerecee’en ina woodi noon kuulal baasal ngal woni ko e woppude jawdi, hay so tawii noon ina firta ittude jawdi mum so tawii ina jogii.
E nder nehdi e filosof
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Won e filosof en ina nganndiraa salaade jawdi no feewi, ko wayi no Diogenes mo Sinope, filosof Giriik ɓooyɗo, wuurduɗo e sadakaaji ɗi yahooɓe ina ndokka.
Won e tinndi ina kollita limooje alɗuɓe daartol (“alɗuɓe no Croesus nii”) walla leƴƴanɗe (“alɗuɓe no Tantalus nii”). Woɗɓe ina njuurnitoo nafoore jawdi (“Kaalis soodataa weltaare”), walla batte mum (“Kaalis ko maccuɗo moƴƴo, ko joom mum bonɗo”).
Yaawde heɓde jawdi ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri teeŋtude e miijo renndo e nder leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik : ko koyɗol Amerik.
E nder naalankaagal
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Binndol ina heewi hollirde alɗuɓe e ngalu e nder laabi ceertuɗi no feewi. Fannuuji daartol puɗɗagol (hono won e taariikaaji e caggal ɗuum deftere janngoowo) ina mbaawi addude naatgol e ngalu ko njoɓdi ngalu wonande golle ɓalliije e nehdi jikku mawɗo Fannuuji goɗɗi, ko wayi no deftere ɓaleere, ina addana en njuɓɓudi mettere e njiylawu ngalu (kañum e ko ɓuri heewde e paandaale ɗe jikkuuji ɗii njogori reende).
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/This_pleasantry_was_received_with_a_general_laugh.jpg/220px-This_pleasantry_was_received_with_a_general_laugh.jpg)
E mbaadi ɓurndi yuumtude, goonga binndol ina hollita jikkuuji gonɗi e haɓaade faggudu sifotoondu no feewi e goonga, so tawii ko siftinde naatgol jawdi (hono no La Fortune des Rougon mo Émile Zola winndi e hitaande 1871 nii) walla ŋakkeende alɗuɗo kiɗɗo (e nder Kaalis ko kanko winndoowo gooto on, deftere woɗnde e nder deftere wiyeteende Les Rougon-Macquart). Haalaaji adventure ina keewi e ngalu ngam yiytude. Binndol komik ina ƴattoo ƴattooje rewrude e arketiipuuji hono Harpagon e nder pijirlooji Molière e teeminannde 17ɓiire to Farayse, kono kadi Ebenezer Scrooge, alɗuɗo e jom doole en, e nder A Christmas Carol mo Charles Dickens mo Angalteer winndi e hitaande 1843, ɗum noon ina addana jikku komik biyeteeɗo Scrooge.
Miijo ina heewnoo haalde ko fayti e ngalu. E nder deftere makko wiyeteende Der Ring des Nibelungen (1849-1876), nde Richard Wagner winndi e dow jawdi, ko ɗum doole bonɗe, ɗe ngaddata joom mum en haa ɓe njippoo.
Komik oo ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe ɗe miliyoŋaaɓe walla miliyaaruuɓe fenaande. Balthazar Scrooge, mo Ameriknaajo biyeteeɗo Carl Barks sosi e hitaande 1947 ngam Disney, mo wonti jaambaaro e komikuuji teskinɗi, ko Ameriknaajo miliyaaruuji keewɗi, iwdi Ecoppi, ganndiraaɗo njurum e jikku mum cantanker. E ko refti heen, Largo Winch, jaambaaro e nder deftere komik nde innde mum wiyeteende Jean Van Hamme, binndoowo belsiknaajo winndi gila 1990, ko miliyaaroowo mo ɓernde mum mawni, etaade haɓaade peeje majjere aduna njulaagu.
Sinema ina waɗa sahaa e sahaa fof yimɓe miliyaaruuji, ko wayi no Charles Foster Kane e nder Citizen Kane, filmo Ameriknaajo mo Orson Welles yaltini e hitaande 1941.
Teskorɗe e tuugnorɗe
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]
Ndaaree kadi
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Binndanɗe jowitiiɗe heen
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]- Renndinde jawdi
- Ɓooygol jawdi
- Ngalu leƴƴi (Aadama Smith)
- Kirematistik
- Kanduɗum
- Baasal, Liggey Baasal
- Haaje
- Nafoore njulaagu
- Feccere jawdi
- Doggol miliyaaruuji winndere
- Rajo jawdi aduna
- Miliyoŋaajo
Bibliografi
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]- Hervé Kempf, Comment les riches détruisent la planète, Seuil, 2007, sorti en poche en 2009
- Dominique Méda, Qu'est-ce que la richesse ?, Champs Flammarion, 2001, republié en 2008 sous le titre Au-delà du PIB. Pour une autre mesure de la richesse, Champs Flammarion
- Jacques Perrin, Pourquoi les sciences économiques nous conduisent dans le mur ?, éditions L'Harmattan 2011
- Carine Dartiguepeyrou (sous la direction de), Au-delà de la crise financière. Nouvelles valeurs, nouvelles richesses, L'Harmattan, 2011
- Alternatives économiques, Comprendre les économistes, hors-série pratique, Template:Date-
- André Orléan, L'Empire de la valeur, Seuil, 2011
- Template:Ouvrage
- Fabrice d'Almeida, Histoire mondiale des riches, Plon, 2022, 464 p.
jokkorɗe yaajɗe
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]- ↑ Source : FMI ; à défaut, Banque Mondiale.