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Rudolph Ritter von Jhering (myös Ihering; 22. elokuuta 1818 Aurich – 17. syyskuuta 1892 Göttingen) oli saksalainen juristi. Hänet tunnetaan vuonna 1872 ilmestyneestä kirjasta Kamppailu oikeudesta (Der Kampf ums Recht), oikeuden tutkijana ja nykyaikaisen sosiologisen ja historiallisen oikeuden koulukunnan perustajana.

Elämä ja ura

Jhering syntyi Aurichissa, Hannoverin kuningaskunnassa. Hän aloitti opinnot Heidelbergin yliopistossa vuonna 1836, ja ajan muodin mukaisesti saksalaisten opiskelijoiden keskuudessa, kävi Göttingenin, Münchenin ja Berliinin yliopistoissa. Georg Friedrich Puchta, joka oli yksi hänen opettajistaan, vaikutti hänen ajatteluunsa.

Valmistuttuaan oikeustieteen tohtoriksi, Jhering asettui Berliiniin roomalaisen oikeuden yksityisdosentiksi vuonna 1844 ja piti yleisiä luentoja roomalaisen oikeuden hengestä, teemasta, jonka voidaan sanoa muodostaneen hänen elämäntyönsä. Vuonna 1845 hänestä tuli professori Baselin yliopistoon, vuonna 1864 Rostockin yliopistoon, vuonna 1849 Kielin yliopistoon ja vuonna 1851 Gießenin yliopistoon. Kaikkiin näihin hallussa pitämiinsä virkoihin hän jätti jälkensä, hän elävöitti roomalaisen oikeuden kuvia luita enemmän kuin kukaan aikalaisensa.

Saksan juridinen maailma oli edelleen Friedrich Carl von Savignyn määräävän aseman alla ja vanhempi koulukunta katsoi nyrpeästi The German juristic world was still under the dominating influence of the cult, and the older school looked askance at the daring of the young professor, who attempted to adapt the old to new exigencies and to build up a system of natural jurisprudence. This is the keynote of his famous work, Geist des römischen Rechts auf den verschiedenen Stufen seiner Entwicklung (1852–1865), which for originality of conception and lucidity of scientific reasoning placed its author in the forefront of modern Roman jurists.

It is no exaggeration to say that in the second half of the 19th century. the reputation of Jhering was as high as that of Savigny in the first half. Their methods were almost diametrically opposed. Savigny and his school represented the conservative, historical tendency. In Jhering, the philosophical conception of jurisprudence, as a science to be utilized for the further advancement of the moral and social interests of mankind, was predominant.

Vuonna 1868 Jhering hyväksyi roomalaisen oikeuden professuurin Wienin yliopistosta, jossa hänen accepted the chair of Roman Law at Vienna, where his lecture-room was crowded, not only with regular students but with men of all professions and even of the highest ranks in the official world. In 1872, Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria conferred upon him a title of hereditary nobility.

The social functions of the Austrian metropolis became wearisome, and Jhering gladly exchanged its for the repose of Göttingen, where he became professor in 1872. That year, he had read at Vienna before an admiring audience a lecture, published under the title of Der Kampf ums Recht (1872; Eng. trans., The Struggle for Law, 1879). Its success was extraordinary. Within two years it attained 12 editions, and it has been translated into 26 languages. It this, his most famous work, Jhering based his theory of duty in the maintenance of one's rights, firstly, on the connection between rights and personality; and secondly, on the solidarity of law and rights. The relation of rights to personality is explored. In truth, our rights involve a parcel of our social worth, our honor. Whoever violates our rights, attacks our worth, our honor.

This work was followed five years later by Der Zweck im Recht (2 vols., 1877–1883). In these two works is clearly seen Jhering's individuality. The Kampf ums Recht shows the firmness of his character, the strength of his sense of justice, and his juristic method and logic: to assert his rights is the duty that every responsible person owes to himself. In the Zweck im Recht is perceived the bent of the author's intellect. But perhaps the happiest combination of all his distinctive characteristics is to be found in his Jurisprudenz des taglichen Lebens (1870; Eng. trans., 1904). A great feature of his lectures was his so-called Praktika, problems in Roman law, and a collection of these with hints for solution was published as early as 1847 under the title Civilrechtsfalle ohne Entscheidungen.

Aside from shorter positions at Leipzig and Heidelberg, Jhering continued to work in Göttingen until his death.

Among others of his works were the following: Beiträge zur Lehre vom Besitz, first published in the Jahrbücher für die Dogmatik des heutigen römischen und deutschen Privatrechts, and then separately; Der Besitzwille, and an article entitled Besitz in the Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften (1891), which aroused at the time much controversy, particularly on account of the opposition manifested to Savigny's conception of the subject.

See also Scherz und Ernst in der Jurisprudenz (1885); Des Schuldmoment im römischen Privat-recht (1867); Das Trinkgeld (1882); and among the papers he left behind him his Vorgeschichte der Indoeuropaer, a fragment, has been published by v. Ehrenberg (1894).

For an account of his life, see also M. de Jonge, Rudolf v. Jhering (1888); and Adolf Merkel, Rudolf von Jhering (1893).

von Jhering was married to Ida Christina (Frölich). His oldest son was a German-Brazilian zoologist Hermann von Ihering (1850–1930). von Jhering was also the great-great-grandfather of Australian singer and actress Olivia Newton-John through his daughter Helene Ehrenberg and her marriage to German jurist Victor Ehrenberg.

Selected works

• Der Geist des römischen Rechts (1852–1865) two volumes
• Der Kampf ums Recht, Vienna 1872
• Der Zweck im Recht (1877–1883) two volumes
• Scherz und Ernst in der Jurisprudenz (1884)
• Der Besitzwille (1889)
• Jurisprudenz des taglichen Lebens (1870; Eng. trans., 1904 (Law in Daily Life, A Collection of Legal Questions Connected with the Ordinary Events of Everyday Life)).
• Law as a Means to an End (English Translation of vol.1 of Der Zweck im Recht, 1913) at the McMaster Archive for the History of Economic Thought.
• The Struggle for Law (English translation)
• Law in Daily Life, A Collection of Legal Questions Connected with the Ordinary Events of Everyday Life (English translation)

See also

• Victor Ehrenberg (jurist)

References

Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed. (1911). Encyclopaedia Britannica Company, Cambridge, Englanti.