Estilo APA
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O estilo APA é un formato amplamente aceptado para escribir documentos de investigación, que especifica indicacións coma as referidas as convencións e puntuación das notas ao pé de páxina e a bibliografía. Foi publicado pola American Psychological Association, que é a principal organización académica de estudo da psicoloxía nos Estados Unidos de América.
O estilo APA está definido de xeito oficial en The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, un libro de preto de 500 páxinas en inglés do que se levan editadas cinco edicións (ISBN 1-55798-791-2).
O estilo, como moitos autores suxiren, é imperfecto. Olvídase de autores para numerar o seu encabezado de sección, y práctica común en revistas científicas qeu permite cruzar referencias. O estilo APA tamén require que os autores sexan citados para ser identificados unicamente polas súas iniciais, como en "J. A. Smith" en lugar de "Joan A. Smith", facendo máis difícil para os lentes atopar as referencias. O "Manual" é longo e forza os estudantes gastar moitas horas intentando conformar as súas prescripcións. Finalmente, o estilo APA estableceuse por un pequeno, non elexido comité editorial, o cal ofrece aos usuarios a imposibilidade de camiñar na busca de cambios.
As revistas escolares que requiren o estilo APA as veces permiten aos seus autores desviados dende él cando se podería incrementar a claridade.
Aunque certos aspectos do estilo APA poden ser rentabilizados por alguén, iso so está de acordo conque iso serve para un útil propósito. Un estilo uniforme que traspasa as revistas axuda os que len a absorber o material con maior eficienza. Although certain aspects of APA style may be resented by some, it is widely agreed that it serves a useful purpose. Uniform style across journals helps readers absorb material more efficiently. Scholars who experience feelings of uncertainty when writing may find the Manual a useful prop. And the lengthy "political correctness" sections of the manual, though fussy, discourage authors from writing prose that is abusive to women and minorities.
The APA style guide asserts that bibliographies and other lists of names should be ordered by surname first, and mandates inclusion of surname prefixes. For example, "Martin de Rijke" should be sorted as "de Rijke, Martin".
Cabeceiras
Seguindo o estilo APA, as cabeceiras empréganse para oganizar artigos e darlles unha estrutura xerárquica. O estilo APA prescribe un formato específico para as cabeceiras (dun para cinco niveis) dentro dun mesmo artigo. Están referidos na páxina 113 da 6ª edición da Publicación Manual usando o seguinte nivel de números:
- Nivel 5: CABECEIRA CENTRADA MAIÚSCULAS
- Nivel 1: Cabeceira Centrada Maiúsculas e Minúsculas
- Nivel 2: Centrada, Cursiva, Cabeceira Maiúscula e Minúscula
- Nivel 3: Botada á esquerda, Cursiva, Cabeceira Maiúscula e Minúscula de lado
- Nivel 4: Concentrado, Cursiva, Parágrafo de Cabeceira Minúscula rematando cun ponto.
Dacordo co estilo APA, se un artigo ten:
- Un nivel: usa nivel 1 de cabeceiras
- Dous niveis: usa o nivel 1 (supraordenado) e 3 (subordinado) de cabeceiras
- Tres niveis: usa nivel 1, nivel 3 e nivel 4 (de supraordenado para subordinado)
- Catro niveis: usa nivel 1, nivel 2, nivel 3 e nivel 4 (de supraordenado para subordinado)
- Cinco niveis: usa nivel 5, nivel 1, nivel 2, nivel 3 e nivel 4 (de supraordenado para subordinado)
Non se ofrecen directrices para artigos con seis ou máis niveis de cabeceiras. Decátese que o estilo APA non permete os números ou letras precedentes ás cabeceiras.
Reference Citations in Text
Reference citations in text are those which are referenced within a passage of text in the body of an article. APA style defines that a reference section may only include articles which are cited within the body of an article. This is the distinction between a document having a Reference section and a Bibliography which may incorporate sources which may have been read by the authors as background but not referred to or included in the body of a document.
APA follows a number of rules for formatting in-line citations, the following is not an exhaustive list as it does not cover quotations, nor all scenarios that may arise when referring to an article or document. Hopefully, it is enough to get a feel for how it is used.
- Single Author, Book, Journal, Published article, conference proceedings.: Format should be Author's last name (no initals) followed directly by a comma, then the year of publication. You may choose not to use enclosing brackets around the authors' names and refer to the article as part of a natural sentence (year should however normally remains enclosed). The same holds for multiple authors.
Social representations theory posits that reified scientific knowledge that exists at the boundaries of a given society, will be interpreted in meaningful and often simplified forms by the majority (Pauling, 2005).
Alternatively
Pauling (2005) posits that...
- Two Authors, Book, Journal, Published article, conference proceedings. Authors should be presented in order that they appear in the published article. If they are cited within closed brackets, use the ampersand (&) symbol between them. If not enclosed in brackets then use expanded "and".
Social representations theory posits that reified scientific knowledge that exists at the boundaries of a given society will be interpreted in meaningful and often simplified forms by the majority (Pauling & Liu, 2005).
Alternatively
Pauling and Liu (2005) posit that...
- Three or More Authors, Book, Journal, Published Article, Conference proceedings. At this point ambiguities and problems over various journals' interpretations and enforcement of various APA styles and editions becomes apparent. With three or more authors, it is expected that the first reference to an article contains all authors. Subsequent citations in the same document may refer to the article by the principle author only plus "et al." The general format is Author 1, Author 2, ... Author N & Author N + 1, normally in the order they appear in the publication, but sometimes listing the principle author, then the others in alphabetical order. The number of authors required for invoking the "et al. rule" is also often misused and misunderstood. (Note the reference section must contain ALL authors)
First Instance
Social representations theory posits that reified scientific knowledge that exists at the boundaries of a given society, will be interpreted in meaningful and often simplified forms by the majority (Pauling, Liu & Guo, 2005).
Alternatively...
Pauling, Liu and Guo(2005) posit...
Subsequent instances in the same document
Pauling, et al. (2005) posit...
Alternatively...
(Pauling et al., 2005)
- Multiple publications same author
If an author has multiple publications which you wish to cite, you use a semi colon (;) to separate the years of publication in chronological order (oldest to most recent). If the publications occur in the same year, then you must denote this, using a suffix "a" or "b" is common (note you must also ensure that the "year field" in the reference section also contains the same suffix). For multiple authors, follow the same rules.
...majority (Pauling, 2004; 2005)
Alternatively...
Pauling (2004; 2005) suggests that...
- Multiple publications different authors
Follow the rules above as for same author, using a semicolon to separate articles. Citation should first be in Alphabetical order of the Author, then chronological.
...majority (Alford, 1995; Pauling, 2004; 2005; Sirkis, 2003)
Reference List
Book by One Author:
Sherman, R. D. (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead.
Book by Two or More Authors:
Kurosawa, J., & Armistead, Q. (1972). Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University Press.
Article in an Edited Book:
Stanz, R. F. (1983). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment of supernatural entities. In G. L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies: Case studies in application (pp. 42–64). Place: Publisher.
Article in a Journal with Continuous Pagination:
Rottweiler, F. T., & Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Sarnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction. Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54. 66–146.
Article in a Journal Paginated Separately:
Crackton, P. (1987). The Loonie: God's long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change? Canadian Change, 64(7), 34–37.
Article in a Monthly Magazine:
Doe, J. (2001, May). My life as a grocery-store delivery boy. Hot & Steamy Letters, pp.81–85+.
Article in a Newspaper
Wrong, M. (2005, August 17). Misquotes are "Problematastic" says Mayor. Toronto Sol. p.4.
Government Document
Revenue Canada. (2001) Advanced gouging: Manual for employees (MP 65–347/1124). Ottawa: Minister of Immigration and Revenue.
Internet Article Based on a Print Source
Marlowe, P., Spade, S., & Chan, C. (2001). Detective work and the benefits of colour versus black and white [Electronic version]. Journal of Pointless Research, 11, 123–124.
Article in an Internet-only Journal
Blofeld, H. V. (1994, March 1). Expressing oneself through persian cats and modern architecture. Felines & Felons, 4, Article 0046g. Retrieved October 3, 1999, from http://journals.f+f.org/spectre/vblofeld-0046g.html
Article in an Internet-only Newsletter
Paradise, S., Moriarty, D., Marx, C., Lee, O. B., Hassel, E., et al. (1957, July). Portrayals of fictional characters in reality-based popular writing: Project update. Off the beaten path,7(3). Retrieved October 3, 1999, from http://www.newsletter.offthebeatenpath.news/otr/complaints.html
Stand-alone Internet document, no author identified, no date
What I did today. (n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2002, from http://www.cc.mystory.life/blog/didtoday.html
Document available on university program or department Web site
Rogers, B. (2078). Faster-than-light travel: What we've learned in the first twenty years. Retrieved August 24, 2079, from Mars University, Institute for Martian Studies Web site: http://www.eg.spacecentraltoday.mars/university/dept.html
Electronic copy of a journal article, three to five authors, retrieved from database
Costanza, G., Seinfeld, J., Bennes, E., Kramer, C., & Peterman, J. (1993). Minutiæ and insignificant observations from the nineteen-nineties. Journal about Nothing, 52, 475–649. Retrieved October 31, 1999, from NoTHINGJournals database.
E-mail
Monterey, Allison (personal communication, September 28, 2001)
Book on CD
Nix, G. (2002). Lirael, Daughter of the Clayr [CD]. New York: Random House/Listening Library.
Book on Tape
Nix, G. (2002). Lirael, Daughter of the Clayr [Cassette Recording No. 1999-1999-1999]. New York: Random House/Listening Library.