Hoto (Portrait)

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Hoton wani Satrap na Achaemenid na Asiya Ƙarama (shugaban Herakleia, daga Heraclea, a Bithynia), ƙarshen karni na 6 KZ. Wannan hoton Gabas ne a cikin salon Archaic na Gabas ta Gabas, ɗaya daga cikin mashahuran magabatan farko na tsoffin hotunan Girka, tare da shugaban Sabouroff.

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A zamanin Roman bust na Athenian Janar Themistocles, bisa tushen asalin Girkanci, a cikin Museo Archeologico Ostiense, Ostia, Rome, Italiya. Asalin bacewar wannan tsatson, mai kwanan wata kusan 470 KZ, an kwatanta shi da "hoton gaskiya na farko na Bature".

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Mona Lisa, zanen da Leonardo da Vinci na Lisa Gherardini ya yi, mai yiwuwa shine hoton da ya fi shahara a duniya.

Hoton hoto shine zane, hoto, sassakakke, ko wani salon fasaha na mutum, wanda fuska da maganganunsa suka fi yawa. Manufar ita ce a nuna kamanni, hali, har ma da yanayin mutum. Don haka, a cikin daukar hoto gabaɗaya hoto ba hoto ba ne, amma an haɗa hoton mutum a cikin matsayi. Hoto yakan nuna mutum yana kallon mai zane ko mai daukar hoto kai tsaye, domin ya fi samun nasarar tafiyar da batun tare da mai kallo.

Tarihi

Hoton tarihi

Plastered kwanyar, Tell es-Sultan, Jericho, Pre-Pottery Neolithic B, kusan 9000 BC

An sake gina kwanyar ɗan adam da aka yi wa plastered ɗin kwanyar ɗan adam waɗanda aka yi a tsohuwar Levant tsakanin 9000 zuwa 6000 BC a zamanin Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Suna wakiltar wasu tsofaffin fasahohin fasaha a Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma suna nuna cewa mutanen da suka rigaya sun yi taka-tsantsan wajen binne kakanninsu a ƙarƙashin gidajensu. Kwankwan kai suna nuna wasu farkon misalan sassaka na hoto a tarihin fasaha.

Hoton tarihi

Hoton jana'izar Roman-Masar na wani saurayi

Yawancin wakilcin farko da aka yi niyya a fili don nunawa mutum na masu mulki ne, kuma suna bin ƙa'idodin fasaha masu kyau, maimakon nau'ikan jigon, kodayake lokacin da babu wata shaida game da bayyanar mai mulki matakin da ya dace zai iya. a yi wuya a tantance. Duk da haka, batutuwa da yawa, irin su Akhenaten da wasu sauran fir'aunan Masar, ana iya gane su ta musamman fasali. Ƙananan mutum-mutumi 28 da suka tsira na Gudea, mai mulkin Lagash a Sumeria tsakanin c. 2144 –2124 BC, ya nuna daidaitaccen siffa tare da wasu ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun mutane, kodayake wasu lokuta ana jayayya cewa waɗannan suna ƙidaya a matsayin hotuna.

Hoton yumbura Moche . Larco Museum Collection. Lima-Peru.

Al'adun Moche na Peru ɗaya ne daga cikin tsoffin wayewa waɗanda suka samar da hotuna. Waɗannan ayyukan suna wakiltar sifofin jiki dalla-dalla. Mutanen da aka zana za a iya gane su ba tare da buƙatar wasu alamomi ko rubutattun sunayensu ba. Mutanen da aka zayyana ’ya ’yan masu mulki ne, firistoci, mayaka har ma da manyan masu sana’a. An wakilce su a cikin matakai da yawa na rayuwarsu. An kuma nuna fuskokin alloli. Har ya zuwa yau, ba a samu hotunan mata ba. Ana ba da fifiko na musamman kan wakilcin cikakkun bayanai na riguna, salon gyara gashi, adon jiki da zanen fuska.

Hoton kai

Hoton ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 na Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun.

Lokacin da mai zane ya ƙirƙiri hoton kansa, ana kiran shi hoton kansa. Misalai waɗanda za a iya gane su suna da yawa a ƙarshen Zamani na Tsakiya. Amma idan an tsawaita ma'anar, na farko ya kasance ta wurin sculptor na Fir'auna Akhenaten Bak, wanda ya zana wakilcin kansa da matarsa Taheri c. 1365 BC. Duk da haka, yana da alama cewa hotunan kai suna komawa ga zane-zane na kogo, fasaha na farko na wakilci, da wallafe-wallafen sun rubuta misalai na gargajiya da yawa waɗanda yanzu suka ɓace.

Hoton hukuma

Rembrandt Peale, Hoton Thomas Jefferson, 1805. Ƙungiyar Tarihi ta New York.

Hoton da aka nuna a hukumance shi ne na hoto da aka yi rikodin tare da yada muhimman mutane, musamman sarakuna, shugabanni da gwamnoni. Yawancin lokaci ana yi masa ado da launuka na hukuma kamar tuta, ratsin shugaban ƙasa da rigar makamai na ƙasashe, jihohi ko gundumomi. Hakanan akwai ma'ana azaman hoton abubuwan da suka faru, samfura da tarurruka.