Tulang ramalan
Tulang ramalan (Hanzi:
Penemuan
suntingDi awal abad ke-20, para arkeolog di Anyang, Henan, menemukan ribuan potongan tulang dan cangkang yang dinamakan tulang ramalan. Tulang ramalan berisikan ukiran aksara yang berasal dari periode Dinasti Shang yang memperlihatkan bentuk-bentuk awal aksara Tionghoa. Pada masa itu digunakan di istana sebagai ramalan dan setelah terpakai kemudian disimpan. Benda-benda ini bernilai penting sebagai contoh aksara Tionghoa purba dan juga mengandung catatan-catatan tentang rakyat Tiongkok pada masa 2000 SM. Rakyat Shang tidak hanya dapat menulis tulisan pada potongan tulang tetapi mereka juga menulis pada barang-barang seperti kayu, bambu dan sutera.
Referensi
sunting- Boltz, William G. (1994). The Origin and Early Development of the Chinese Writing System. American Oriental Series, vol. 78. American Oriental Society, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. ISBN 0-940490-18-8
- Fairbank, John King and Merle Goldman (1992). China: A New History; Second Enlarged Edition (2006). Cambridge; London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01828-1.
- Keightley, David N. (1978). Sources of Shang History: The Oracle-Bone Inscriptions of Bronze Age China. University of California Press, Berkeley. ISBN 0-520-02969-0; Paperback 2nd edition (1985) ISBN 0-520-05455-5.
- Keightley, David N. (2000). The Ancestral Landscape: Time, Space, and Community in Late Shang China (ca. 1200 – 1045 B.C.). China Research Monograph 53, Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley. ISBN 1-55729-070-9.
- Qiu Xigui (裘錫
圭 ) (2000). Chinese Writing. Translation of文字 学 概要 by Gilbert L. Mattos and Jerry Norman. Early China Special Monograph Series No. 4. The Society for the Study of Early China and the Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley. ISBN 1-55729-071-7. - Woon, Wee Lee
雲 惟 利 (1987). “Chinese Writing: Its Origin and Evolution” (in English; Chinese title漢字 的 原始 和 演 變 ). Originally published by the Univ. of East Asia, Macau; now by Joint Publishing, Hong Kong. - Xǔ Yǎhuì (
許 雅惠 Hsu Ya-huei) (2002). Ancient Chinese Writing, Oracle Bone Inscriptions from the Ruins of Yin. Illustrated guide to the Special Exhibition of Oracle Bone Inscriptions from the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica. English translation by Mark Caltonhill and Jeff Moser. National Palace Museum, Taipei. Govt. Publ. No. 1009100250. - Zhōu Hóngxiáng (
周 鴻 翔 , wg Chou Hung-hsiang) (1976). “Oracle Bone Collections in the United States”. University of California Press, Berkeley – Los Angeles – London. ISBN 0-520-09534-0.