Kamp konsentrasi Jasenovac
Kamp konsentrasi Jasenovac | |
---|---|
Kamp konsentrasi dan pemusnahan | |
Koordinat | 45°16′54″N 16°56′6″E / 45.28167°N 16.93500°E |
Letak | Jasenovac, Negara Merdeka Kroasia |
Dioperasikan oleh | Ustaše |
Dibangun | Agustus 1941 |
Beroperasi | Agustus 1941 – 21 April 1945 |
Tahanan | Orang Serbia, Yahudi, Rom, dan pembangkang Kroasia dan Muslim Bosnia (dalam kata lain komunis dan anti-fasis) |
Jumlah tahanan tewas | Sekitar 720.000[1][2][3] terdiri dari: orang Serbia 500.000 Rome–20.000 Yahudi 12.000–20.000 Kroasia dan Muslim Bosnia 5.000–12.000 |
Dibebaskan oleh | Partisan Yugoslavia |
Situs web | www |
Kamp konsentrasi Jasenovac (bahasa Serbo-Kroasia: Logor Jasenovac/Логор Јасеновац, pelafalan [lôːgor jasěnoʋat͡s]; bahasa Yiddi: יאסענאוואץ) adalah sebuah kamp pemusnahan yang didirikan di kawasan Slavonia oleh pemerintah Negara Merdeka Kroasia selama Perang Dunia II. Kamp ini didirikan oleh rezim penguasa Ustaše dan tidak dikelola oleh Jerman Nazi.[4] Kamp ini merupakan salah satu kamp konsentrasi terbesar di Eropa[5] dan telah diberi julukan "Auschwitz di Balkan" dan "Auschwitz Yugoslavia".[6]
Kamp ini didirikan pada Agustus 1941 di kawasan rawa-rawa di pertemuan sungai Sava dengan sungai Una di dekat desa Jasenovac. Kamp ini dibubarkan pada April 1945 dan dikenal akan "praktik-praktik barbarnya dan jumlah korbannya yang besar".[7] Di Jasenovac, sebagian besar korbannya adalah orang Serbia, Yahudi, Rom, dan beberapa musuh politik rezim Ustaše.
Semenjak Perang Dunia II, jumlah korban yang tewas di kamp konsentrasi ini masih diperdebatkan. Museum Memorial Holocaust Amerika Serikat di Washington, D.C, memperkirakan jumlah orang yang dibunuh di Jasenovac berkisar antara 77.000 hingga 99.000 dari tahun 1941 hingga 1945, yang terdiri dari 45.000 hingga 52.000 orang Serbia, antara 12.000 hingga 20.000 Yahudi, sekitar 15.000 hingga 20.000 orang Rom, dan antara 5.000 hingga 12.000 orang Kroasia dan Muslim serta musuh politik dan religius rezim Ustaše.[2] Sementara itu, Situs Memorial Jasenovac memperkirakan jumlah korban jiwa secara keseluruhan berkisar antara 80.000 hingga 100.000.[1]
Catatan kaki
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ a b Official website of the Jasenovac Memorial Site
- ^ a b United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
- ^ Kolstø 2011, hlm. 226–41.
- ^ Ljiljana Radonić (2009), Heinz Fassmann; Wolfgang Müller-Funk; Heidemarie Uhl, eds., "Krieg um die Erinnerung an das KZ Jasenovac: Kroatische Vergangenheitspolitik zwischen Revisionismus und europäischen Standards" (dalam bahasa German), Kulturen der Differenz- Transformationsprozesse in Zentraleuropa nach 1989 (Göttingen: V&R unipress): pp. 179
- ^ Pavlowitch 2008, hlm. 34.
- ^ Dedijer 1992.
- ^ Tomasevich 2001, hlm. 399.
Daftar pustaka
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Buku
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- Bulajić, Milan (1994). The Role of the Vatican in the break-up of the Yugoslav State: The Mission of the Vatican in the Independent State of Croatia. Ustashi Crimes of Genocide. Belgrade: Stručna knjiga.
- Bulajić, Milan (2002). Jasenovac: The Jewish-Serbian Holocaust (the role of the Vatican) in Nazi-Ustasha Croatia (1941-1945). Belgrade: Fund for Genocide Research, Stručna knjiga.
- Dedijer, Vladimir (1992). The Yugoslav Auschwitz and the Vatican: The Croatian Massacre of the Serbs During World War II. Diterjemahkan oleh Kendall, Harvey. Prometheus Books.
- Dizdar, Zdravko (1997). Tko je tko u NDH Hrvatska 1941.–1945. Zagreb: Minerva. ISBN 953-6377-03-9.
- Dorich, William (1997). Jasenovac: Then and Now: A Conspiracy of Silence. BookBaby. ISBN 978-1-882383-90-0.
- Frucht Levy, Michele (2013). "'The Last Bullet for the Last Serb': The Ustaša Genocide against Serbs: 1941–1945". Dalam Crowe, David M. Crimes of State Past and Present: Government-Sponsored Atrocities and International Legal Responses. Routledge. ISBN 9781317986829.
- Goldstein, Ivo (2005). Židovi u Zagrebu 1918 – 1941. Zagreb: Novi Liber. ISBN 953-6045-23-0.
- Goldstein, Slavko (2007). 1941. – godina koja se vraća. Zagreb: Novi Liber. ISBN 978-953-6045-48-8.
- Israeli, Raphael (2013). The Death Camps of Croatia: Visions and Revisions, 1941–1945. Piscataway, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 9781412849753.
- Knežević, Snješka; Laslo, Aleksander (2011). Židovski Zagreb. Zagreb: AGM, Židovska općina Zagreb. ISBN 978-953-174-393-8.
- Kolstø, Pål (2011), Ramet, Sabrina P.; Listhaug, Ola, ed., "The Serbian-Croatian Controversy over Jasenovac", Serbia and the Serbs in World War Two, Palgrave Macmillan UK, hlm. 225–246
- Korb, Alexander (2010). "A Multipronged Attack: Ustaša Persecution of Serbs, Jews, and Roma in Wartime Croatia". Eradicating Differences: The Treatment of Minorities in Nazi-Dominated Europe. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. hlm. 145–163.
- Lemkin, Raphael (2008). Axis Rule in Occupied Europe. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.
- Lituchy, Barry M. (2006). Jasenovac and the Holocaust in Yugoslavia: analyses and survivor testimonies. Jasenovac Research Institute. ISBN 978-0-9753432-0-3.
- Mataušić, Nataša (2008). JASENOVAC, FOTOMONOGRAFIJA. Zagreb: Spomen – područje Jasenovac. ISBN 978-953-99169-4-5.
- Miletić, Antun (1986a). Koncentracioni logor Jasenovac 1941-1945: dokumenta. I (edisi ke-second). Beograd: Narodna knjiga.
- Miletić, Antun (1986b). Koncentracioni logor Jasenovac 1941-1945: dokumenta. II (edisi ke-second). Beograd: Narodna knjiga.
- Miletić, Antun (1986c). Koncentracioni logor Jasenovac 1941-1945: dokumenta. III (edisi ke-second). Beograd: Narodna knjiga.
- Mirković, Jovan (2014). Crimes against Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia - photomonograph / Злочини над Србима у Независној Држави Хрватској - фотомонографија. Svet knjige Belgrade. ISBN 978-86-7396-465-2. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-04-08. Diakses tanggal 2017-09-12.
- Paris, Edmond (1961). Genocide in Satellite Croatia, 1941-1945: A Record of Racial and Religious Persecutions and Massacres. Chicago: American Institute for Balkan Affairs.
- Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (2008). Hitler's New Disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 1-85065-895-1.
- Ramet, Sabrina P. (2011). Serbia and the Serbs in World War Two. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-230-27830-2.
- Rivelli, Marco Aurelio (1998). Le génocide occulté: État Indépendant de Croatie 1941–1945 [Hidden Genocide: The Independent State of Croatia 1941–1945] (dalam bahasa French). Lausanne: L'age d'Homme.
- Rivelli, Marco Aurelio (1999). L'arcivescovo del genocidio: Monsignor Stepinac, il Vaticano e la dittatura ustascia in Croazia, 1941-1945 [The Archbishop of Genocide: Monsignor Stepinac, the Vatican and the Ustaše dictatorship in Croatia, 1941-1945] (dalam bahasa Italian). Milano: Kaos.
- Rivelli, Marco Aurelio (2002). "Dio è con noi!": La Chiesa di Pio XII complice del nazifascismo ["God is with us!": The Church of Pius XII accomplice to Nazi Fascism] (dalam bahasa Italian). Milano: Kaos.
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- Schwartz, Djuro. במחנות המוות של יאסנובץ, קובץ מחקרים כ"ה של יד-ושם (dalam bahasa Hebrew). [butuh klarifikasi]
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- Gutman, Israel, ed. (1995) [1990]. Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. 1.
- Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. 2. San Francisco: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804736154.
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- Jurnal
- Byford, Jovan (2007). "When I say "The Holocaust," I mean "Jasenovac": Remembrance of the Holocaust in contemporary Serbia". East European Jewish Affairs. 37 (1): 51–74. doi:10.1080/13501670701197946.
- Situs
- "Official Website of the Jasenovac Memorial Site". Diakses tanggal 8 June 2015.
- "Holocaust Encyclopedia: Jasenovac". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Diakses tanggal 8 June 2015.