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A Multilevel Simultaneous Equations Modelling Approach to Investigate the Relationship between Poverty and Labour-Force Participation among the Elderly in Egypt
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A Multilevel Simultaneous Equations Modelling Approach to Investigate the Relationship between Poverty and Labour-Force Participation among the Elderly in Egypt

Author

Listed:
  • Hend Gabr

    (Faculty of Commerce, Menufia University, Egypt)

  • Fiona Carmichael

    (Birmingham Business School, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom)

  • Hui Li

    (School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom)

Abstract

In this study, we explore the effect of participation in the labour force on poverty among older people while addressing the issues of endogeneity and the hierarchical structure in the Egyptian household survey data. The households are nested within governorates, which results in dependency among those within the same governorate. We also find that the endogeneity is caused by a simultaneous relationship between poverty and participation in the labour force. A multilevel simultaneous equations model is implemented, and the results support the hypothesis that participating in the labour force has a significant effect on reducing older peoples poverty.

Suggested Citation

  • Hend Gabr & Fiona Carmichael & Hui Li, 2019. "A Multilevel Simultaneous Equations Modelling Approach to Investigate the Relationship between Poverty and Labour-Force Participation among the Elderly in Egypt," International Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources, Juniper Publishers Inc., vol. 22(1), pages 01-12, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:adp:ijesnr:v:22:y:2019:i:1:p:01-12
    DOI: 10.19080/IJESNR.2019.22.556076
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    Keywords

    earth and environment journals; environment journals; open access environment journals; peer reviewed environmental journals; open access; juniper publishers; ournal of Environmental Sciences; juniper publishers journals ; juniper publishers reivew;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • R00 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - General - - - General
    • Z0 - Other Special Topics - - General

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