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International Portfolio Inflows to GCC Markets. Are There any General Patterns?
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International Portfolio Inflows to GCC Markets. Are There any General Patterns?

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  • Balli, Faruk
  • Osman, Mohammad
  • Louis, Rosmy J.

Abstract

In this paper, we document the main factors underlying the foreign portfolio inflows to Gulf Corporation Council countries (hereafter GCC) by employing a recently published database of cross-country portfolio holdings by the International Monetary Fund. We find that bilateral factors such as trade volume and debt to GDP ratio between the source and GCC (host) countries play a truly significant role in determining the volume of cross border portfolio inflows to GCC markets. Particularly, there is a strong correlation between trade volume and the volume of portfolio inflows. This connection becomes even stronger over time. Moreover, GCC members’ stable fiscal position (lower debt to GDP ratio) is practically one of the important determinants of the volume of portfolio inflows to GCC markets. Specifically, for the international bond holders, the foremost motivation for investing cross borders is the absence of default risk and the higher return in comparison to other countries. We have also found that the extent of openness in capital account transactions and the income level of source country are additional factors that help to explain the volume of foreign portfolio inflows to GCC members. Last but not least, although there is a remarkable increase in the volume of the international portfolio inflows to GCC countries, there also exists a “GCC bias”, a huge share of the portfolio inflows to GCC markets is coming from the GCC countries. This bias is the notable consequence of the high level financial and economic integration that characterizes the GCC countries as they are heading towards a monetary union. A similar bias occurs in European Union markets as well.

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  • Balli, Faruk & Osman, Mohammad & Louis, Rosmy J., 2008. "International Portfolio Inflows to GCC Markets. Are There any General Patterns?," MPRA Paper 10158, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:10158
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    Cited by:

    1. Marga PEETERS, 2011. "The Changing Pattern in International Trade and Capital Flows of the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries in Comparison with other Oil-Exporting Countries," Journal of Knowledge Management, Economics and Information Technology, ScientificPapers.org, vol. 1(7), pages 1-29, December.
    2. Syed Abul, Basher & Salem, Nechi & Hui, Zhu, 2014. "Dependence patterns across Gulf Arab stock markets: a copula approach," MPRA Paper 56566, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    3. Faruk Balli & Hatice O. Balli & Nikau Tangaroa, 2015. "Research Note: The Impact of Marketing Expenditure on International Tourism Demand for the Cook Islands," Tourism Economics, , vol. 21(6), pages 1331-1343, December.
    4. Faruk, Balli & Syed Abul, Basher & Rosmy, Jean Louis & Ahmed Saber, Mahmud, 2016. "On the global determinants of visiting home," MPRA Paper 72291, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    5. Balli, Faruk & Basher, Syed Abul & Jean Louis, Rosmy, 2013. "Sectoral equity returns and portfolio diversification opportunities across the GCC region," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 25(C), pages 33-48.
    6. Fabian J. Baier & Paul J. J. Welfens, 2019. "The UK’s banking FDI flows and Total British FDI: a dynamic BREXIT analysis," International Economics and Economic Policy, Springer, vol. 16(1), pages 193-213, March.
    7. Rosmy Jean Louis & Faruk Balli & Mohamed Osman, 2012. "On the choice of an anchor for the GCC currency: does the symmetry of shocks extend to both the oil and the non-oil sectors?," International Economics and Economic Policy, Springer, vol. 9(1), pages 83-110, March.
    8. Okawa, Yohei & van Wincoop, Eric, 2012. "Gravity in International Finance," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 87(2), pages 205-215.
    9. Balli, Faruk & Balli, Hatice O. & Jean Louis, Rosmy, 2016. "The impacts of immigrants and institutions on bilateral tourism flows," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 221-229.
    10. Balli, Faruk & Civan, Abdulkadir & Uras, Oguz, 2015. "The impact of the Hizmet movement on Turkey's bilateral trade," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 74-82.
    11. Balli, Faruk & Balli, Hatice Ozer & Cebeci, Kemal, 2013. "Impacts of exported Turkish soap operas and visa-free entry on inbound tourism to Turkey," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 186-192.
    12. Balli, Faruk & Balli, Hatice Ozer & Basher, Syed Abul & Karimova, Amira & Wang, Aihua, 2019. "Determinants of sector of holders international equity holdings," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 329-338.
    13. Marga Peeters, 2010. "The changing pattern of international trade and capital flows of the GCC countries," European Economy - Economic Papers 2008 - 2015 415, Directorate General Economic and Financial Affairs (DG ECFIN), European Commission.
    14. Faruk Balli & Rosmy Louis & Mohammad Osman, 2011. "The patterns of cross-border portfolio investments in the GCC region: do institutional quality and the number of expatriates play a role?," Journal of Economics and Finance, Springer;Academy of Economics and Finance, vol. 35(4), pages 434-455, October.
    15. M. Kabir Hassan & Ashraf Nakibullah & Abul Hassan, 2013. "Sterilisation and Monetary Control by the GCC Member Countries," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(12), pages 1566-1587, December.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Capital Market Integration; GCC Portfolio Bias; Economic Integration; Bilateral Linkage;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • F15 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Economic Integration
    • E44 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Money and Interest Rates - - - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
    • F41 - International Economics - - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance - - - Open Economy Macroeconomics
    • F36 - International Economics - - International Finance - - - Financial Aspects of Economic Integration

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