転てん造づくり

転てん造づくり(てんぞう)とは、強つよい力ちからを加くわえて素材そざいを変形へんけいさせる塑性そせい加工かこうの一ひとつ^[1]で、棒状ぼうじょうの加工かこう素材そざいを回転かいてんさせながら、転てん造づくりダイスと呼よばれる工具こうぐに押おし当あてることにより成形せいけいする方法ほうほうである^[1]。

転てん造づくり加工かこうで施ほどこす形状けいじょうの一ひとつには、ローレットと呼よばれる金属きんぞく表面ひょうめんに細こまかい凹凸おうとつ状じょうの形状けいじょうを施ほどこす技法ぎほうもある^[1]。

加工かこう技術ぎじゅつの用途ようと

転てん造づくりは、おねじの加工かこう用ように開発かいはつされた加工かこう方法ほうほうで、転てん造づくり加工かこうにおいて、現在げんざいでも最もっとも一般いっぱん的てきに利用りようされているのはおねじ加工かこうである。他たには、スプライン、セレーション、ウォーム等とうのような回転かいてん対称たいしょう体たいである機械きかい要素ようそ部品ぶひんの加工かこうに用もちいられることもある。

しかし、鋳鉄ちゅうてつや硬度こうどの高たかい素材そざいは、伸のび率りつが低ひくかったり、硬度こうどが高たかいため転てん造づくりには向むかない。

加工かこう技術ぎじゅつの開発かいはつ史し

米国べいこくにおける技術ぎじゅつ開発かいはつ

ねじ山やまの冷ひや間あいだ転てん造づくりに関かんする最初さいしょの特許とっきょは、1836年ねんにニューヨーク州しゅうモンローのウィリアム・キーンに発行はっこうされた^[2]^[3]。しかし、ねじ山やまをねじ素材そざいに転てん造づくりするためのダイスは、もろい鋳鉄ちゅうてつ製せいであったため、この機械きかいは成功せいこうしなかった。このプロセスは、1867年ねんにニューヨーク州しゅうユーティカのハーベイ・J・ハーウッドが木もくねじにねじ山やまを冷ひえ間あいだ転てん造づくりする特許とっきょを申請しんせいするまで停滞ていたいしていた^[4]。その後ご、ねじ素材そざいにねじ山やまを冷ひえ間あいだ転てん造づくりするさらなる努力どりょくが続つづいが^[5]、ニュージャージー州しゅうオレンジのヘイワード・オーガスタス・ハーベイ（1824～1893）が1880年ねんと1881年ねんに特許とっきょを申請しんせいするまで、大おおきな成功せいこうを収おさめたものはなかったようである^[6]。ロードアイランド州しゅうプロビデンスのアメリカン・スクリュー社しゃのチャールズ・D・ロジャースは、ねじ素材そざいにねじ山やまを転うたて造みやつこするプロセスをさらに改良かいりょうした^[7]。

加工かこう方法ほうほう・手順てじゅん

転てん造づくりダイスは、外周がいしゅうがねじの形かたちをした複数ふくすうの円筒えんとう形状けいじょうからなり、通常つうじょう2個こまたは3個こを1セットとして用もちいる。おねじの異ことなる加工かこう品ひんに対たいしてそれぞれ専用せんようのダイスを用意よういする必要ひつようがあるが、ダイスの形状けいじょうによりメートルねじ(M)や台形だいけいねじ(TM、TW)、テーパネジ(PT,PS)のほか、特殊とくしゅ成形せいけいねじ等とう、多種たしゅ多様たような製品せいひんを製作せいさくすることが可能かのうである^[1]。

加工かこう手順てじゅんは、素材そざい（棒ぼう材ざい）を転てん造づくりダイスにより挟はさみ込こみ、素材そざいを回転かいてんさせながら、素材そざいの中心ちゅうしん方向ほうこうへダイスに圧力あつりょくを加くわえる。素材そざいの降伏ごうぶく点てんを超こえた圧力あつりょくをかけることにより、素材そざいは塑性そせいされ永久えいきゅう的てきに変形へんけいし、形状けいじょうを造つくる。このようにして成形せいけいされたねじを転てん造づくりねじという^[1]。加工かこう後ごの素材そざいの表面ひょうめん形状けいじょうはダイスの表面ひょうめん形状けいじょうに依存いぞんし、素材そざいはダイスとは逆ぎゃく回転かいてんしながら加工かこう部分ぶぶんが移動いどうしていくため、転てん造づくりは逐次ちくじ成形せいけい加工かこうに分類ぶんるいされる。

転てん造づくり加工かこうにおいては通常つうじょうは冷ひや間あいだ（常温じょうおん）で加工かこうを行おこなう。冷ひや間あいだ成形せいけい中ちゅう、素材そざいの組織そしきは移動いどうするだけで切断せつだんされないため、切屑きりくずを出ださない。また、転てん造づくりねじは切削せっさくねじに比くらべて強度きょうどがあり、加工かこう能率のうりつも高たかく、量産りょうさん品ひんの製造せいぞうに適てきしている^[1]。

脚注きゃくちゅう

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f “転てん造づくり加工かこうとは？種類しゅるいとデメリット、加工かこう可能かのうな金属きんぞくを解説かいせつ！ | mitsuri-articles” (2020年ねん6月がつ10日とおか). 2023年ねん8月がつ20日はつか閲覧えつらん。
^
See:
- William Keane, "Improvement in machines for cutting wood- and other screws," U.S. Patent no. 9,398X (issued: Feb. 13, 1836).
- The screw "cutting" machine of William Keane and his partner, Thaddeus Sellick of Haverstraw, N.Y., is mentioned in the North River Times (Haverstraw, New York), reprinted in: The Pittsburgh Gazette, March 19, 1836, page 2. From page 2: "Important Invention. Mr. William Keane.of Haverstraw, has in conjunction with Mr. Thaddeus Selleck, obtained letters patent for a machine for cutting screws, which probably excels any thing of the kind now in use in Europe or America. The principle of the machine consists in circular dies, which have a motion towards each other, while, at the same time, they make upwards of 500 revolutions a minute. These dies receive the screw at the top of a cast iron pot in which they are secured, and when it obtains its proper thread, it is thrown off by means of an inner spindle, and another instantly takes its place, the dies preserving their usual velocity, without changing their rotary motion. The saving of screws is another important consideration in favor of these machines, as it is difficult to spoil one upon them. Their construction is simple, and we understand that one, containing four sets of dies, and upon which a boy can turn off thirty gross per day, can be built at a cost not exceeding $150. They are now in operation at Selleck & Keane's Screw Factory, at Samsondale, in this town [i.e. Haverstraw, N.Y.]."
^
For a brief review of the history of screw making, see:
- Charles D. Rogers (July 11, 1901) "Development of the wood screw," The Iron Trade Review, 34 (28) : 20-21.
- Christopher White (ca. 2005) "Observations on the development of wood screws in North America" (Museum of Fine Art ; Boston, Massachusetts).
^ Harvey J. Harwood, "Improved screw machine," U.S. Patent no. 65,567 (issued: June 11, 1867). In his patent, Harwood states: "In the manufacture of wood-screws the thread has been formed hitherto by removing the metal between the turns of the thread by means of dies or cutters. By my invention the blank is rotated between rotating or reciprocating dies, suitably formed, and set in motion, by means of which the thread is impressed on the blank without removing any part of the metal."Apparently Harwood and the patent examiner were ignorant of Keane's 1836 patent.
^
See, for example:
- Benjamin D. Beecher, "Improved machine for threading bolts," U.S. Patent 77,710 (issued: May 12, 1868).
- James M. Alden, "Improvement in wood-screw machines," U.S. Patent 110,532 (issued: Dec. 27, 1870).
- Treat T. Prosser, "Improvements in machines for rolling screw-threads on bolts and rods," U.S. Patent 181,010 (filed: Dec. 30, 1875 ; issued: August 15, 1876).
^
See:
- Hayward A. Harvey, "Machine for rolling threads of screws or bolts," U.S. Patent 223,730 (filed: Oct. 15, 1879 ; issued: Jan. 20, 1880).
- Hawyard A. Harvey, "Machinery for rolling screw-threads," U.S. Patent no. 248,165 (filed: April 7, 1881; issued: October 11, 1881).
- Thomas Wm. Harvey, Memoir of Hayward Augustus Harvey (New York: 1900), "The Rolled Screw," pages 41-53.
- [Anon.] (August 28, 1897) "Hayward Augustus Harvey," Scientific American, 77 (9) : 133 ; Letter to the Editor: "Inventor of the gimlet screw?" 183.
^ Charles D. Rogers, "Die for rolling screw-threads," U.S. Patent no. 370,354 (filed: May 11, 1887 ; issued: Sept. 20, 1887).

参考さんこう文献ぶんけん

川井かわい謙一けんいち、団野だんの敦あつし著ちょ、日本にっぽん塑性そせい加工かこう学会がっかい編へん『回転かいてん成形せいけい- 転てん造づくりとスピニングの基礎きそと応用おうよう - (新しん塑性そせい加工かこう技術ぎじゅつシリーズ 12)』コロナ社しゃ、2019年ねん。ISBN 9784339043822。
「建築けんちく設備せつびと配管はいかん工事こうじ」編集へんしゅう委員いいん会かい『よく解ほどける配管はいかん用よう転てん造づくりねじ・地震じしんに強つよい接合せつごう』日本にっぽん工業こうぎょう出版しゅっぱん、2015年ねん。ISBN 9784819027083。

外部がいぶリンク

『転てん造づくり』 - コトバンク

[:0-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f “転てん造づくり加工かこうとは？種類しゅるいとデメリット、加工かこう可能かのうな金属きんぞくを解説かいせつ！ | mitsuri-articles” (2020年ねん6月がつ10日とおか). 2023年ねん8月がつ20日はつか閲覧えつらん。

[2] See:
William Keane, "Improvement in machines for cutting wood- and other screws," U.S. Patent no. 9,398X (issued: Feb. 13, 1836).

The screw "cutting" machine of William Keane and his partner, Thaddeus Sellick of Haverstraw, N.Y., is mentioned in the North River Times (Haverstraw, New York), reprinted in: The Pittsburgh Gazette, March 19, 1836, page 2. From page 2: "Important Invention. Mr. William Keane.of Haverstraw, has in conjunction with Mr. Thaddeus Selleck, obtained letters patent for a machine for cutting screws, which probably excels any thing of the kind now in use in Europe or America. The principle of the machine consists in circular dies, which have a motion towards each other, while, at the same time, they make upwards of 500 revolutions a minute. These dies receive the screw at the top of a cast iron pot in which they are secured, and when it obtains its proper thread, it is thrown off by means of an inner spindle, and another instantly takes its place, the dies preserving their usual velocity, without changing their rotary motion. The saving of screws is another important consideration in favor of these machines, as it is difficult to spoil one upon them. Their construction is simple, and we understand that one, containing four sets of dies, and upon which a boy can turn off thirty gross per day, can be built at a cost not exceeding $150. They are now in operation at Selleck & Keane's Screw Factory, at Samsondale, in this town [i.e. Haverstraw, N.Y.]."

[3] William Keane, "Improvement in machines for cutting wood- and other screws," U.S. Patent no. 9,398X (issued: Feb. 13, 1836).

[4] The screw "cutting" machine of William Keane and his partner, Thaddeus Sellick of Haverstraw, N.Y., is mentioned in the North River Times (Haverstraw, New York), reprinted in: The Pittsburgh Gazette, March 19, 1836, page 2. From page 2: "Important Invention. Mr. William Keane.of Haverstraw, has in conjunction with Mr. Thaddeus Selleck, obtained letters patent for a machine for cutting screws, which probably excels any thing of the kind now in use in Europe or America. The principle of the machine consists in circular dies, which have a motion towards each other, while, at the same time, they make upwards of 500 revolutions a minute. These dies receive the screw at the top of a cast iron pot in which they are secured, and when it obtains its proper thread, it is thrown off by means of an inner spindle, and another instantly takes its place, the dies preserving their usual velocity, without changing their rotary motion. The saving of screws is another important consideration in favor of these machines, as it is difficult to spoil one upon them. Their construction is simple, and we understand that one, containing four sets of dies, and upon which a boy can turn off thirty gross per day, can be built at a cost not exceeding $150. They are now in operation at Selleck & Keane's Screw Factory, at Samsondale, in this town [i.e. Haverstraw, N.Y.]."

[3] For a brief review of the history of screw making, see:
Charles D. Rogers (July 11, 1901) "Development of the wood screw," The Iron Trade Review, 34 (28) : 20-21.

Christopher White (ca. 2005) "Observations on the development of wood screws in North America" (Museum of Fine Art ; Boston, Massachusetts).

[6] Charles D. Rogers (July 11, 1901) "Development of the wood screw," The Iron Trade Review, 34 (28) : 20-21.

[7] Christopher White (ca. 2005) "Observations on the development of wood screws in North America" (Museum of Fine Art ; Boston, Massachusetts).

[4] Harvey J. Harwood, "Improved screw machine," U.S. Patent no. 65,567 (issued: June 11, 1867). In his patent, Harwood states: "In the manufacture of wood-screws the thread has been formed hitherto by removing the metal between the turns of the thread by means of dies or cutters. By my invention the blank is rotated between rotating or reciprocating dies, suitably formed, and set in motion, by means of which the thread is impressed on the blank without removing any part of the metal."Apparently Harwood and the patent examiner were ignorant of Keane's 1836 patent.

[5] See, for example:
Benjamin D. Beecher, "Improved machine for threading bolts," U.S. Patent 77,710 (issued: May 12, 1868).

James M. Alden, "Improvement in wood-screw machines," U.S. Patent 110,532 (issued: Dec. 27, 1870).

Treat T. Prosser, "Improvements in machines for rolling screw-threads on bolts and rods," U.S. Patent 181,010 (filed: Dec. 30, 1875 ; issued: August 15, 1876).

[10] Benjamin D. Beecher, "Improved machine for threading bolts," U.S. Patent 77,710 (issued: May 12, 1868).

[11] James M. Alden, "Improvement in wood-screw machines," U.S. Patent 110,532 (issued: Dec. 27, 1870).

[12] Treat T. Prosser, "Improvements in machines for rolling screw-threads on bolts and rods," U.S. Patent 181,010 (filed: Dec. 30, 1875 ; issued: August 15, 1876).

[6] See:
Hayward A. Harvey, "Machine for rolling threads of screws or bolts," U.S. Patent 223,730 (filed: Oct. 15, 1879 ; issued: Jan. 20, 1880).

Hawyard A. Harvey, "Machinery for rolling screw-threads," U.S. Patent no. 248,165 (filed: April 7, 1881; issued: October 11, 1881).

Thomas Wm. Harvey, Memoir of Hayward Augustus Harvey (New York: 1900), "The Rolled Screw," pages 41-53.

[Anon.] (August 28, 1897) "Hayward Augustus Harvey," Scientific American, 77 (9) : 133 ; Letter to the Editor: "Inventor of the gimlet screw?" 183.

[14] Hayward A. Harvey, "Machine for rolling threads of screws or bolts," U.S. Patent 223,730 (filed: Oct. 15, 1879 ; issued: Jan. 20, 1880).

[15] Hawyard A. Harvey, "Machinery for rolling screw-threads," U.S. Patent no. 248,165 (filed: April 7, 1881; issued: October 11, 1881).

[16] Thomas Wm. Harvey, Memoir of Hayward Augustus Harvey (New York: 1900), "The Rolled Screw," pages 41-53.

[17] [Anon.] (August 28, 1897) "Hayward Augustus Harvey," Scientific American, 77 (9) : 133 ; Letter to the Editor: "Inventor of the gimlet screw?" 183.

[7] Charles D. Rogers, "Die for rolling screw-threads," U.S. Patent no. 370,354 (filed: May 11, 1887 ; issued: Sept. 20, 1887).

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