Ingenuity
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ingenuity_sol_045_quad-cropped.png/220px-Ingenuity_sol_045_quad-cropped.png)
Ingenuity, Mars Helicopter, Mars Helicopter Scout — ნასას უპილოტო ვერტმფრენი, რომელმაც 2021 წლის 19 აპრილს მარსზე პირველი ფრენა შეასრულა საკუთარი ძრავით, შექმნილია მრავალჯერადი გამოყენებისთვის სხვა ციური სხეულის ატმოსფეროში გადაადგილებისათვის[კ 1][1][2]. 2021 წლის 18 თებერვალს მარსზე ჩატანილ იქნა ექსპედიცია „მარსი 2020“-ის მიერ როვერ Perseverance-თან ერთად, ხოლო 2021 წლის 3 აპრილს მოხდა მისი პლანეტის ზედაპირზე გადატანა შემდგომი ექსპლუატაციისათვის[3].
სახელწოდება
[რედაქტირება | წყაროს რედაქტირება]2020 წლის აპრილში ვერტმფრენს მიანიჭეს სახელი „Ingenuity“[4], მანამდე კი, მოდელირების სხვადასხვა ეტაპზე მას ეძახდნენ Mars Helicopter[5], Mars Helicopter Scout, ხოლო დედამიწაზე მის საინჟინრო მოდელებს — Earth Copter; არაოფიციალურად — Terry[6] და Wendy[7].
ისტორია
[რედაქტირება | წყაროს რედაქტირება]საკვანძო როლი მოწყობილობის მექანიკური საფუძვლის შექმნაში (ძრავები, პროპელერები, ფიუზელაჟი, შასი) ეკუთვნის კომპანია AeroVironment-ს, რომელმაც დააპროექტა და ააშენა იგი 2013-2018 წლებში NASA-ს დაკვეთით. თავის მხრივ, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) შეიმუშავა ავიონიკა, დაწერა პროგრამები და შეარჩია სენსორები COT საცალო ქსელში შესაძენად[5][8]. 2018 წლის 11 მაისს მიღებულ იქნა ექსპედიცია „მარს 2020“-ში[8][9].
ექსპედიციის დედამიწიდან აფრენის თარიღისთვის, ნასას პროექტში 85 მილიონი აშშ დოლარის ინვესტიცია ჰქონდა განხორციელებული[10]. „ტექნოლოგიური დემონსტრირების“ დასრულების შემდეგ ფრენების გასაგრძელებლად განახლდა ასიგნირების დასაბუთება და ოპერაციის შემდეგ ეტაპს ეწოდა „ოპერაციული შესაძლებლობების დემონსტრირება“. 2021 წლის 30 აპრილიდან, Ingenuity-ის დაფინანსება რეგულარულად ნახლდება[11]; ის ბოლოს გაგრძელდა 2022 წლის მარტში მინიმუმ კიდევ 6 თვით[12].
2024 წლის 25 იანვარს, ნასამ Ingenuity-ის მისია დასურლებულად გამოაცხადა, მისი დაგეგმილი ფრენის დროს დაზიანების გამო[13].
ლიტერატურა
[რედაქტირება | წყაროს რედაქტირება]- Young, L. et al.. (01.02.2002) Rotorcraft as Mars Scouts.
- Maimone, M. Cheng, Y., Matthies, L.. (2014-03-30) Two years of Visual Odometry on the Mars Exploration Rovers (pdf). Journal of Field Robotics.
- Dwayne Brown. (2014-07-31) NASA Announces Mars 2020 Rover Payload to Explore the Red Planet as Never Before. NASA.
- J. Balaram, P. T. Tokumaru. (2014) Rotorcrafts For Mars Exploration. International Probe Workshop (2014). Ames Research Center.
- Witold J. F. Koning, Wayne Johnson, Brian G. Allan. (2018-01-16) Generation of Mars Helicopter Rotor Model for Comprehensive Analyses. Ames Research Center.
- Loren Gush. (11-05-2018) NASA is sending a helicopter to Mars to get a bird’s-eye view of the planet - The Mars Helicopter is happening, y’all. The Verge.
- Benjamin Pipenberg, M. Keennon et al.. (06-01-2019) Design and Fabrication of the Mars Helicopter Rotor, Airframe, and Landing Gear Systems. AIAA.
- Håvard Fjær Grip et al.. (2017-01-01) Flight Dynamics of a Mars Helicopter (pdf). NASA/JPL.
- Håvard Fjær Grip, Daniel P. Scharf et al.. (08-01-2018) Guidance and Control for a Mars Helicopter (pdf). AIAA.
- Chen, Allen. (2017-01-31) Pre-Landing Site Workshop 3 Engineering Assessment Telecon. NASA.
- Tyler M. Schmidt et al.. (2018) Thermal Design of a Mars Helicopter Technology Demonstration Concept. JPL.[მკვდარი ბმული]
- Stephen Clark. (2018-03-15) NASA to decide soon whether flying drone will launch with Mars 2020 rover.
- Stephen Clark. (2018-05-14) Helicopter to accompany NASA’s next Mars rover to Red Planet.
- Waynes et al.. (2020-03) Mars Science Helicopter Conceptual Design (pdf). Ames Research Center. (Mars Science Helicopter: Conceptual Design of the Next Generation of Mars Rotorcraft — другая версия статьи в NASA Technical Reports Server)
- Stefano Cappucci et al.. (2018) Assessment of the Mars Helicopter Thermal Sensitivies Using the Veritrek Software. JPL.
- Steve Taranovich. (2020-06-06) Mars 2020 Perseverance: Drone helicopter in a CO2 atmosphere. hackaday.io.
- Dan Maloney. (02.09.2020) An Up-Close Look At The First Martian Helicopter. hackaday.com.
- Richard Volpe. (2014) 2014 Robotics Activities at JPL (pdf). NASA/JPL.
- J. Balaram, MiMi Aung, Matthew P. Golombek. (2020-05-28) The Ingenuity Helicopter on the Perseverance Rover. Space Science Reviews.
- Trevor Mogg. (2021-02-18) When will NASA’s Ingenuity helicopter take its first flight on Mars?.
- Bradley Bermont. (09.04.2021) Meet the makers of Ingenuity, the little helicopter that’s about to make history.
- Ashley Strickland. (2021-04-17) Mars helicopter’s first flight could happen on Monday.
- Ashley Strickland. (2021-05-28) Mars helicopter survives to tell the tale of stressful flight.
- Mars 2020 Jezero Crater Landing Site Controlled Orthomosaics. USGS (2020).
- Special collaboration issue JPL and AeroVironment on Mars (pdf). Inside Unmanned Systems. Autonomous Media Llc. (June/July 2021).
- Paul Brinkmann. (09.12.2021) NASA’s eventual farewell to tiny Mars helicopter could be emotional.
- Paul Brinkmann. (06.07.2021) Mars helicopter begins to scout for Perseverance rover with longest flight.
- Planetary Science and Astrobiology Decadal Survey 2023-2032. nationalacademies.org (2022-05-21).
- Naga Praveen Babu Mannam, Prashant Kumar Duba, and P. Rajalakshmi. (2022-05-21) Bioinspired Dragonfly concept for Mars exploration: analoguous to Mars Ingenuity helicopter (pdf). Low-Cost Sciense Mission Concepts (2022). www.hou.usra.edu.
- Planetary Fact Sheets. NASA.
- How far is Mars. theskylive.com.
- Mars at solar conjunction. in-the-sky.org.
- Mars in our Night Sky. NASA (2021-09).
- Benjamin T. Pipenberg et al.. (05.03.2022) Conceptual Design of a Mars Rotorcraft for Future Sample Fetch Missions. 2022 IEEE Aerospace Conference.
- Пресс-релизы и обзоры
- Perseverance (Mars 2020) Analyst’s Notebook. Washington University in St.Louis. NASA Planetary Data System (09.12.2021).
- Location Map for Perseverance Rover.
- Flight Log.
- Swatch of Wright Brothers Flyer 1 Attached to Mars Helicopter. NASA (06.04.2021).
- Pride of the West — and Mars. JPL (06.04.2021).
- Mastcam-Z Gives Ingenuity a Close-up. NASA (06.04.2021). ციტირების თარიღი: 2021-06-18
- Mars Helicopter’s Solar Array as Seen by Perseverance’s Mastcam-Z. NASA (2021-04-13).
- Black-and-White View of Ingenuity’s Fourth Flight. NASA (06.05.2021).
- Perseverance’s First Road Trip. NASA (09.06.2021).
- Ingenuity Flight Six Navcam Image. NASA (2021-05-23).
- Ingenuity at Third Airfield. NASA (2021-05-27).
- Ingenuity Spots Rover Tracks During Ninth Flight. NASA (12.07.2021).
- SuperCam Image of ‘Artuby’. NASA (2021-07-21).
- Ingenuity Flights to the Delta. NASA (15.03.2022).
- Mars Atmosphere Density Model. NASA (05.04.2022).
- NASA’s Mars Helicopter Team Members With Collier Trophy. NASA (15.06.2022).
- Flying with Ingenuity: The Mars Helicopter. NASA (20.07.2022).[მკვდარი ბმული]
- Техническая документация и бюллетени в формате pdf
- J. (Bob) Balaram et al.. (2018) Mars Helicopter Technology Demonstrator (pdf). AIAA. ციტირების თარიღი: 2012-04-16.
- Håvard Fjær Grip, Johnny N. Lam et al.. (2019) Flight Control System for NASA’s Mars Helicopter (pdf). NASA/JPL. ციტირების თარიღი: 2021-04-16.
- Sheldahl Market Specialization. Sheldahl (2020-01-24). დაარქივებულია ორიგინალიდან — 2023-02-02. ციტირების თარიღი: 2024-01-28.
- Lidar Lite v3 Operation Manual and Technical Specifications (pdf). Garmin (09/2016). ციტირების თარიღი: 2022-08-17
- Eric Ianson, Michael Meyer. (2021-06-14) Explore Mars. NASA.
- Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Landing Press Kit (pdf). NASA (2021-01).
- Mars 2020/Perseverance (pdf). NASA (2020-07-26).
- Jonathan Bapst, Theodore Tzanetos, Shannah Withrow-Maser. (2021-09-29) Helicopter on Mars: Technology Demonstration to Future Science Missions (pdf). Future In-Space Operations Telecon.
- The NASA/JPL Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Team Awarded the 2021 Robert J. Collier Trophy (pdf). NAA (05.04.2022). დაარქივებულია ორიგინალიდან — 17.10.2022. ციტირების თარიღი: 28.01.2024.
- Bosch BMI160.
- Murata SCA100T-D02.
- Видеоматериалы
- Bob Balaram. (30.04.2021). NASA’s Ingenuity Mars Helicopter’s Next Steps. NASA. https://youtube.com/watch?v=BAlXe-U0ws4.
- Jennifer Trosper. (21.07.2021). NASA’s Perseverance Mars Rover Team to Discuss Early Science, Sample Collection. NASA. Event occurs at 00:15:30. https://youtube.com/watch?v=66vjDLSt7kQ.
- Nacer Chahat. (10.04.2021). On Mars, the amazing design of the radio link between Ingenuity and the Perseverance rover. Université de Rennes. Event occurs at 00:07:27. https://youtube.com/watch?v=GzteogKj5d8.
- Lidar Lite v3 от Garmin — подключение и настройка лазерного высотомера. 14.03.2019. Event occurs at 00:34:20. https://youtube.com/watch?v=lO7ZQj-JPzI.
- Teddy Tzanetos. (20.10.2021). 2021 Mars Society Virtual Convention. The Mars Society. https://youtube.com/watch?v=SAqW9tvHOHU.
- Bob Balaram. (20.05.2022). Ingenuity: The First Flying Machine on Mars. PSW Science. https://youtube.com/watch?v=j_C88CVOUok.
- Mars Ingenuity Press Event. AeroVironmentInc. 13.05.2021. https://youtube.com/watch?v=4rAbEolY2Hs.
- Lori Glaze. (15.09.2022). NASA’s Perseverance Mars Rover Investigates Geologically Rich Area. NASA. Event occurs at 00:31:44. https://youtube.com/watch?v=9vZVcI1gwEU.
- Vandi Verma. (20.10.2022). 25th Annual International Mars Society Convention. Arizona State University. Event occurs at 02:53:00. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sElCzUbCyJo.
- Экспедиция Марс-2020 / Mars 2020 Mission
- Mars Helicopter to Fly on NASA’s Next Red Planet Rover Mission. №8335. NASA (11.05.2018).
- NASA’s Mars Helicopter Testing Enters Final Phase. №8446. NASA (2019-06-06).
- Alabama High School Student Names NASA’s Mars Helicopter. №8659. NASA (2020-04-29).
- How NASA’s Mars Helicopter Will Reach the Red Planet’s Surface. №8699. NASA (2020-06-23).
- NASA’s Mars Helicopter Reports In. №8867. NASA (2021-02-20).
- NASA to Host Briefing to Preview First Mars Helicopter Flights. №8891. NASA (2021-03-17).
- NASA Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Prepares for First Flight. №8896. NASA (2021-03-23).
- NASA’s Mars Helicopter Survives First Cold Martian Night on Its Own. №8906. NASA (05.04.2021).
- NASA Invites Public to Take Flight With Ingenuity Mars Helicopter. №8910. NASA (06.04.2021).
- NASA’s Mars Helicopter to Make First Flight Attempt Sunday. №8915. NASA (09.04.2021).
- NASA to Attempt First Controlled Flight on Mars As Soon As Monday. №8919. NASA (2021-04-17).
- NASA’s Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Succeeds in Historic First Flight. №8923. NASA (2021-04-19).
- NASA’s Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Logs Second Successful Flight. №8928. NASA (2021-04-22).
- NASA’s Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Flies Faster, Farther on Third Flight. №8930. NASA (2021-04-25).
- With Goals Met, NASA to Push Envelope With Ingenuity Mars Helicopter. №8933. NASA (2021-04-28).
- NASA Sets Briefing to Discuss Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Next Steps. №8934. NASA (2021-04-29).
- NASA’s Ingenuity Helicopter to Begin New Demonstration Phase. №8936. NASA (2021-04-30).
- NASA’s Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Completes First One-Way Trip. №8942. NASA (07.05.2021).
- NASA’s Ingenuity Mission Honored by the Space Foundation. №8966. NASA (2021-06-15).
- Meet the Open-Source Software Powering NASA’s Ingenuity Mars Helicopter. №8982. NASA (08.07.2021).
- NASA’s Mars Helicopter Reveals Intriguing Terrain for Rover Team. №8987. NASA (12.07.2021).
- NASA’s Mars Fleet Lies Low with Sun Between Earth and Red Planet. №9051. NASA (2021-09-28).
- NASA’s Perseverance Captures Challenging Flight by Mars Helicopter. №9079. NASA (2021-11-18).
- NASA’s Perseverance Mars Rover Makes Surprising Discoveries. №9098. NASA (2021-12-15).
- NASA’s Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Reaches a Total of 30 Minutes Aloft. №9099. NASA (2021-12-15).
- NASA Extends Ingenuity Helicopter Mission. №9146. NASA (15.03.2022).
- NASA’s Mars Helicopter Scouts Ridgeline for Perseverance Science Team. №9179. NASA (03.05.2022).
- NASA’s Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Captures Video of Record Flight. №9197. NASA (27.05.2022).
- NASA’s InSight Waits Out Dust Storm. №9275. NASA (07.10.2022).
- Хронография вертолёта / Ingenuity status updates
- Bob Balaram. (2021-03-19) How is the Weather on Mars?. Status #287. JPL.
- Bob Balaram. (02.04.2021) It’s Cold on Mars. Status #288. JPL.
- When Should Ingenuity Fly?. Status #289. JPL (08.04.2021).
- Mars Helicopter Flight Delayed to No Earlier than April 14. Status #291. JPL (10.04.2021).
- Work Progresses Toward Ingenuity’s First Flight on Mars. Status #290. JPL (12.04.2021).
- Ingenuity Flight Team. (2021-04-16) Working the Challenge: Two Paths to First Flight on Mars. Status #292. JPL.
- MiMi Aung. (17.04.202) Why We Choose to Try Our First Helicopter Flight on Monday. Status #293. JPL.
- MiMi Aung. (2021-04-21) We’re Getting Ready for Ingenuity’s Second Flight. Status #294. JPL.
- Håvard Grip. (2021-04-23) We Are Prepping for Ingenuity’s Third Flight Test. Status #295. JPL.
- Mars Helicopter’s Flight Four Rescheduled. Status #296. JPL (2021-04-29).
- MiMi Aung. (2021-04-30) Ingenuity Completes Its Fourth Flight. Status #297. JPL.
- Håvard Grip. (2021-04-30) What We’re Learning About Ingenuity’s Flight Control and Aerodynamic Performance. Status #298. JPL.
- Josh Ravich. (06.05.2021) Why Ingenuity’s Fifth Flight Will Be Different. Status #299. JPL.
- Bob Balaram, Jeremy Tyler. (10.05.2021) Keeping Our Feet Firmly on the Ground. Status #301. JPL.
- Plans Underway for Ingenuity’s Sixth Flight. Status #302. JPL (2021-05-19).
- Håvard Grip. (2021-05-27) Surviving an In-Flight Anomaly: What Happened on Ingenuity’s Sixth Flight. Status #305. JPL.
- Ingenuity Flight 7 Preview. Status #306. JPL (04.06.2021).
- Teddy Tzanetos. (2021-06-25) Flight 8 Success, Software Updates, and Next Steps. Status #308. JPL.
- Håvard Grip & Bob Balaram. (02.07.2021) We’re Going Big for Flight 9. Status #313. JPL.
- Håvard Grip and Ken Williford. (2021-07-07) Flight 9 Was a Nail-Biter, but Ingenuity Came Through With Flying Colors. Status #314. JPL.
- Teddy Tzanetos. (2021-07-23) Aerial Scouting of ‘Raised Ridges’ for Ingenuity’s Flight 10. Status #316. JPL.
- Josh Ravich. (05.08.2021) North-By-Northwest for Ingenuity’s 11th Flight. Status #318. NASA JPL. ციტირების თარიღი: 05.08.2021
- Teddy Tzanetos, Håvard Grip. (2021-08-15) Better By the Dozen – Ingenuity Takes on Flight 12. Status #321. JPL.
- Teddy Tzanetos, Håvard Grip. (03.09.2021) Lucky 13 – Ingenuity to Get Lower for More Detailed Images During Next Flight. Status #329. JPL.
- Håvard Grip. (2021-09-15) Flying on Mars Is Getting Harder and Harder. Status #334. JPL.
- Jaakko Karras. (2021-09-28) 2,800 RPM Spin a Success, but Flight 14 Delayed to Post Conjunction. Status #336. JPL.
- Flight 14 Successful. Status #341. JPL (2021-10-26).
- Teddy Tzanetos. (05.11.2021) Flight #15 — Start of the Return Journey. Status #343. JPL.
- Joshua Anderson. (2021-11-16) Flight 16 — Short Hop to the North. Status #346. JPL.
- Gerik Kubiak. (02.12.2021) Flight 17 — Heading North Into Séítah. Status #349. JPL.
- Teddy Tzanetos. (07.12.2021) Flight 17 — Discovering Limits. Status #350. JPL.
- Martin Cacan. (04.01.2022) Flight 19 — New Year, Same Ingenuity. Status #354. JPL.
- Jonathan Bapst, Michael Mischna. (19.01.2022) Grounded: First Flight Delay Due to Inclement Weather on Another World. Status #358. JPL.
- Jaakko Karras. (23.02.2022) Dusty Flight 19 Completed and Looking Ahead to Flight 20. Status #366. JPL.
- Ben Morrell. (05.04.2022) Balancing Risks in the ‘Séítah’ Region - Flight 24. Status #373. JPL.
- David Agle. (06.05.2022) NASA’s Ingenuity in Contact With Perseverance Rover After Communications Dropout. Status #379. JPL.
- Teddy Tzanetos. (27.05.2022) Ingenuity Adapts for Mars Winter Operations. Status #382. JPL.
- Håvard Grip. (06.06.2022) Keeping Our Sense of Direction: Dealing With a Dead Sensor. Status #385. JPL.
- Ingenuity Postpones Flights Until August. Status #392. JPL (13.07.2022).
- Teddy Tzanetos. (19.08.2022) Ingenuity Team Spun Up for Upcoming Flight 30. Status #398. JPL.
- Flight 31 Preview By the Numbers. Status #403. JPL (02.09.2022).
- Flight 33 Preview By the Numbers. Status #407. JPL (22.09.2022).
- Foreign Object Debris Seen During Helicopter’s 33rd Flight. Status #409. JPL (30.09.2022).
- Flight 34 Preview By the Numbers. Status #416. JPL (22.09.2022).
- Joshua Anderson. (23.11.2022) Flight 34 Was Short But Significant. Status #420. JPL.
- Хронография марсохода / Perseverance status updates
- Roger Wiens. (2021-08-23) Stratigraphic Layers!. Status #323. JPL.
- Melissa Rice. (2021-09-28) Hunkering Down for Solar Conjunction. Status #337. JPL.
- Matt Muszynski. (2021-11-18) New Software, New Drill Target, and an Existential Question. Status #347. JPL.
- Обозрения
- Preston Lerner. A Helicopter Dreams of Mars. Air & Space Mag.
- Max G. Levy. (2021-04-19) NASA Lands Ingenuity, the First-Ever Mars Helicopter.
- Daniel Oberhaus. (2020-07-27) A Helicopter Ride Over Mars? NASA's About to Give It a Shot.
- Mike Wall. (2013-04-04) Curiosity Rover Goes Solo on Mars for 1st Time Today.
- Alexandra Witze. (2021-04-19) Lift off! First flight on Mars launches new way to explore worlds. Nature.
- AeroVironment Celebrates Historic First Powered Flight on another World by Mars Ingenuity Helicopter (2021-04-20).
- Mars helicopter Ingenuity misses takeoff for 4th flight on Red Planet — NASA’s team is assessing what happened (2021-04-29).
- NASA’s Mars helicopter Ingenuity lands at new airfield after 5th flight (08.05.2021).
- Mars helicopter Ingenuity experiences anomaly on 6th flight, but lands safely (2021-05-28).
- Mars helicopter Ingenuity aces 7th flight on the Red Planet (09.06.2021).
- Mike Wall. (08.02.2022) Mars helicopter Ingenuity aces 19th flight after historic Red Planet weather delay.
- Anderson Cooper. (09.05.2021) NASA begins search for ancient life on Mars after arrival of Perseverance, Ingenuity spacecrafts. cbsnews.
- Keith Zubrow. (09.05.2021) How NASA flew a drone on Mars. cbsnews.
- Jay Gallentine. (2021-04-20) The First Flight On Another World Wasn’t on Mars. It Was on Venus, 36 Years Ago. Air & Space Mag.
- Jeff Foust. (04.05.2018) Decision expected soon on adding helicopter to Mars 2020.
- Lucie Aubourg. (2021-09-06) Ingenuity Is So Good, NASA's Mars Helicopter Mission Just Got an Exciting Update. AFP.
- Jeff Foust. (2021-06-24) NASA studying larger Mars helicopters.
- Evan Ackerman. (2021-02-17) How NASA Designed a Helicopter That Could Fly Autonomously on Mars. IEEE.
- Jessica Hall. (08.09.2021) NASA Helicopter Marks 6 Months on Mars, Is Still Flying High.
- Evan Ackerman. (09.12.2021) Mars Helicopter Just Keeps on Going: Maybe NASA’s little Martian flyer should be the one called Perseverance. IEEE.
- Jeff Foust. (27.03.2022) NASA to delay Mars Sample Return, switch to dual-lander approach.
- Jeff Foust. (18.04.2022) Mars scientists look to less expensive missions.
- Sophie Lewis. (29.04.2022) Eerie wreckage on Mars captured in new photos from NASA’s Ingenuity helicopter. cbsnews.
- Richard Speed. (09.05.2022) Mars Ingenuity helicopter and Perseverance are talking again. The Register.
- Jeff Foust. (27.07.2022) NASA and ESA remove rover from Mars Sample Return plans.
- Марсианский винт (09.04.2021). ციტირების თარიღი: 2022-09-10
- Александр Войтюк. (30.09.2022) «Индженьюити» намусорил на Марсе.
რესურსები ინტერნეტში
[რედაქტირება | წყაროს რედაქტირება]- Journal de bord du robot Perseverance. Centre national d'études spatiales (11.06.2021).
კომენტარები
[რედაქტირება | წყაროს რედაქტირება]- ↑ პირველი უმართავი ფრენა სხვა ციური სხეულის ატმოსფეროში განხორციელდა 1985 წელს საბჭოთა პლანეტათაშორისი სადგურის „ვეგა-1“-ს მიერ
სქოლიო
[რედაქტირება | წყაროს რედაქტირება]- ↑ Air & Space Mag 20.04.2021
- ↑ Witze
- ↑ NASA 23.03.2021
- ↑ NASA 29.04.2020
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Grip2017
- ↑ Terry
- ↑ Lerner: „Why Wendy? For ‘we’re not dead yet.’“
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Schmidt
- ↑ NASA 11.05.2018
- ↑ I.Landing PK, გვ. 14
- ↑ ExtremeTech
- ↑ NASA 15.03.2022
- ↑ Миссия марсианского вертолета Ingenuity завершена из-за поломки лопасти. Interfax (2024-01-25). ციტირების თარიღი: 2024-01-26.