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- ↑ Wolfgang-Ekkehard Scharlipp: Die frühen Türken in Zentralasien eine Einführung in ihre Geschichte und Kultur. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1992, ISBN 3-534-11689-5, p. 11.
- ↑ Ahmet Taşağıl, "The Strategic Importance of Toles Tribe (VI. and VII. centuries)", 3/2014.
- ↑ Golden, Peter B., "Ethnogenesis in the Tribal Zone: The Shaping of the Türks". From: Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes, ed. C. Hriban, Florilegium magistrorum historiae archaeologicaeque Antiquitatis et Medii Aevi, IX (Bucharest-Brăla, 2011):17-63 / ISBN 978-973-27-2152-0
- ↑ QEPČĀQ – Encyclopaedia Iranica