Fontem paginae Libertus inspicere

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[[Imago:MESSVLENO.JPG|thumb|Monumenti lapis liberti Gaii Messuleni. [[Museum Romanum-Germanicum]], [[Colonia Agrippina|Coloniae Agrippinae]].]]

'''Libertus''' est qui prior [[servus]], postea [[manumissio|manumissus]] vel liberatus est. Omnes culturae humanae quae servis usae sunt, libertis providebant.

==Liberti apud Romanos==<!--ex en: (editum):
Compared to the other ancient peoples in the Mediterranean area, the Romans were extremely liberal in freeing slaves and granting Roman citizenship. Freedmen formed about 5% of the population in [[Rome]] during the imperial age. Slaves could earn their freedom in several ways. Educated & trained slaves were usually freed&mdash;a practice so common that [[Augustus]] passed a law that prohibited the freeing of slaves under the ahe of thirty. A slave could be freed as a reward for long & dedicated service; many were freed in their owners' wills (and therefore death). The Augustan law restricted this so that not more than 100 slaves (considerably less in poorer househoulds) could be freed this way. A slave could buy his own freedom through his [[peculium]], or personal possessions.

The act of freeing a slave by an owner was called [[Manumissio]], de verbis ''manus'' et ''mitto.'' The oldest method of manumission was in a legal ceremony, where a witness claimed that the slave did not actually belong to the master, who did not deny this. As a result, the slave was freed. Simpler methods existed. The master might simply make a declaration in the prescence of his friends, or simply invite the freed slave to recline on the couch at dinner.

''Liberti'' et ''libertini'' are two words that were, at different times, used to express among the Romans the condition of those who, having been slaves, had been made free. There is some distinction between these words. By ''libertus'' was understood the freedman in relation to his owner, who had bestowed liberty upon him, and this freed slave was called ''libertinus'' when considered in relation to the state he occupied in society since his manumission.

Needing a Roman name for the first time, freedmen customarily took the name of their former owner, who provided for them. However, freedmen were not fully Roman citizens: they couldn't hold public office or hold high military ranks.

A precedent was set under the Claudian [[Civil Service]], in which freedmen served as civil servants in the Roman [[bureaucracy]]. Claudius passed a law that stated that sick slaves abandoned by their owners became freedmen if they recovered. The emperor was extensively criticized for using freedmen in the imperial courts.-->

Libertus apud Romanos fuit  servus post manumissionem, qui nihilominus domino priori, suo [[patronus|patrono]], etiam tum subiectus erat; libertus tunc fuit [[cliens]], et officia nonnulla praestare debuit, exempli gratia cotidie dominum convenire et ei suffragiis adesse. Filii tandem libertorum fuerunt cives cum omnibus civium iuribus.

===Liberti clari aut potentes===
Quamquam fuissent humili natu, nonnulli liberti gloriam et potentiam adepti sunt:

* [[Marcus Tullius Tiro]], [[Marcus Tullius Cicero|Marci Tullii Ciceronis]] secretarius, qui [[notae tironianae|notas Tironas]] invenit, i.e., [[stenographia|stenographiam]].

* [[Narcissus  (libertus)|Tiberius Claudius Narcissus]], potens [[Claudius|Claudii]] imperatoris libertus.

* [[Gaius Iulius Callistus]], qui etiam multa apud Claudium potuit.

===Liberti commenticii===
* [[Trimalchio]] est libertus dives in fabula "[[Satyrica|Satyricon]]," quam [[Publius Petronius Niger|Petronius]] scripsit; Trimalchio permulta possidet, sed omni humanitate caret.

==Apud Americanos==
In [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatibus Foederatis Americae]], liberti fuerunt priores servi qui liberati sunt ante vel per [[Bellum Civile Americanum]].<!--(Some American historians employ the term "freed person" or "freedperson" as a gender neutral alternative.) Four million people went from bondage to freedom as a result of the [[Emancipation Proclamation]] and the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Thirteenth Amendment]] to the [[United States Constitution]]. Although the Emancipation Proclamation stated all slaves in the southern states were in essence 'free,' the Emancipation Proclamation did not release them from slavery. To help them transition from slavery to freedom, President [[Abraham Lincoln]] created the [[Freedmen's Bureau]]. The Fourteenth Amendment gave ex-slaves citizenship. The Fifteenth amendment gave voting rights to the Freedmen. The 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments are known as the "civil rights amendments".

There is an ongoing [[Cherokee Freedmen Controversy|dispute]] between the [[Cherokee Nation]] and descendants of freedmen of Cherokee masters over the membership of the freedmen in the Cherokee tribe and the benefits that membership grants.-->

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*[[Cliens]]
*[[Patronus]]

{{Roma antiqua}}
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[[Categoria:Servitus]]

[[fr:Affranchissement#Rome antique]]