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Ensiklopedia Britannica Edisi Ke-11: Perbezaan antara semakan

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Edisi Kesebelas 1911 telah dikumpulkan di bawah pimpinan penerbit [[Amerika Syarikat]], [[Horace Everett Hooper]], dan disunting oleh [[Hugh Chisholm]]. Pada asalnya, Hooper membeli hak-hak untuk Edisi Kesembilan yang mempunyai 25 jilid, dan memujuk ''[[The Times]]'', sebuah akhbar [[British]], untuk menerbitkan cetakan semulanya dengan sepuluh jilid tambahan (iaitu 35 jilid pada jumlahnya) yang dikeluarkan sebagai Edisi Kesepuluh pada [[1902]].
The 1911 Eleventh Edition was assembled under the leadership of American publisher [[Horace Everett Hooper]], and edited by [[Hugh Chisholm]]. Originally, Hooper purchased the rights to the 25-volume Ninth Edition and persuaded the British newspaper ''[[The Times]]'' to issue its reprint, with eleven additional volumes (35 volumes total) as the Tenth Edition, which appeared in 1902. Hooper's association with ''The Times'' ceased in 1909, and he negotiated with the [[Cambridge University Press]] to publish the 29-volume Eleventh Edition. Though it is generally perceived as a quintessentially British work, the Eleventh Edition had substantial American influences, not only in increased amount of American and Canadian content, but also the efforts made to give it a more popular tone. American marketing methods also assisted sales. Some 11% of the contributors were American, and a New York office was established to run that side of the enterprise.


Perhubungan Hooper dengan ''The Times'' tamat pada tahun [[1909]], dan beliau berunding dengan [[Percetakan Universiti Cambridge]] untuk menerbitkan Edisi Sebelas yang mengandungi 29 jilid. Walaupun Ensiklopedia Britannica dianggap sebagai satu contoh unggul bagi karya-karya British, Edisi Kesebelas mempunyai pengaruh Amerika Syarikat yang cukup banyak, bukan sahaja dari segi kandungan Amerika Syarikat dan [[Kanada]] yang lebih banyak, tetapi juga dari segi usaha-usaha untum memberikannya satu nada yang lebih popular. Kaedah-kaedah [[pemasaran]] Amerika Syarikat juga dipergunakan untuk membantu jualan. Lebih kurang 11% daripada penyumbang-punyumbang edisi ini adalah orang Amerika Syarikat, dan sebuah pejabat [[New York]] telah ditubuhkan untuk mengendalikan operasi di negara itu.
Some articles were written by the best-known scholars of the age, such as [[Edmund Gosse]], [[J.B. Bury]], [[Algernon Charles Swinburne]], [[John Muir]], [[Peter Kropotkin|Prince Peter Kropotkin]], [[T.H. Huxley]], [[G.K. Chesterton]] and [[William Michael Rossetti]], and others well known to that era. Among the lesser-known contributors were some who would later achieve greatness, such as [[Ernest Rutherford]] and [[Bertrand Russell]]. Many articles were carried over from the Ninth Edition, some with minimal updating, some of the book-length articles divided into smaller parts for easier reference, yet others heavily abridged. The best-known authors generally contributed only a single article or part of an article. The majority of the work was done by a mix of journalists, [[British Museum]] staff, and academics. The 1911 edition for the first time saw a number of female contributors. Thirty-four women contributed articles to the edition.<ref>[[Gillian Thomas]] (1992). ''A Position to Command Respect: Women and the Eleventh Britannica'' New Jersey: The Scarecrow Press, ISBN 0810825678.</ref>

Sesetengah rencana telah ditulis oleh cendekiawan-cendekiawan yang paling terkenal pada zaman itu, termasuk [[Edmund Gosse]], [[J.B. Bury]], [[Algernon Charles Swinburne]], [[John Muir]], [[Peter Kropotkin|Putera Peter Kropotkin]], [[T.H. Huxley]], [[G.K. Chesterton]] dan [[William Michael Rossetti]]. Antara penyumbang-penyumbang yang tidak begitu dikenali termasuk sebilangan yang kemudian mencapai kemasyhuran, seperti [[Ernest Rutherford]] dan [[Bertrand Russell]]. Banyak rencana disalin daripada Edisi Kesembilan dan disemak, dengan sesetengah rencana:
* diberikan pengemaskinian yang minimum;
* dibahagikan dibahagikan kepada bahagian-bahagian yang lebih kecil untuk memudahkan rujukan; dan
* disingkatkan secara hebat.

Secara amnya, pengarang-pengarang yang termasyhur hanya menyumbang satu rencana yang tunggal atau sebahagian rencana. Kebanyakan rencana ditulis oleh campuran [[wartawan]], kakitangan [[Muzium British]], dan pensyarah. Edisi 1911 merupakan edisi pertama yang mempunyai sebilangan penyumbang wanita. Tiga puluh orang wanita menyumbang rencana dalam edisi ini. <ref>[[Gillian Thomas]] (1992). ''A Position to Command Respect: Women and the Eleventh Britannica'' (Satu Kedudukan untuk Dihormati: Wanita dan Britannica Kesebelas) New Jersey: Percetakan Scarecrow, ISBN 0810825678.</ref>


The Eleventh Edition introduced a number of changes to the format of the ''Britannica''. It was the first to be published complete, instead of the previous method of volumes being released as they were ready. The type was kept in galleys and subject to continual updating until publication. It was the first edition of ''Britannica'' to be issued with a comprehensive index volume in which was added a categorical index, where like topics were listed. It was the first to break away from the convention of long treatise-length articles — though the overall length of the work was roughly the same as its predecessor, the numbers of articles had increased from 17,000 to 40,000. It was the first edition of ''Britannica'' to have biographies of living people.
The Eleventh Edition introduced a number of changes to the format of the ''Britannica''. It was the first to be published complete, instead of the previous method of volumes being released as they were ready. The type was kept in galleys and subject to continual updating until publication. It was the first edition of ''Britannica'' to be issued with a comprehensive index volume in which was added a categorical index, where like topics were listed. It was the first to break away from the convention of long treatise-length articles — though the overall length of the work was roughly the same as its predecessor, the numbers of articles had increased from 17,000 to 40,000. It was the first edition of ''Britannica'' to have biographies of living people.

Semakan pada 17:11, 21 Julai 2006

Ensiklopedia Britannica Edisi Ke-11

Ensiklopedia Britannica Edisi Kesebelas (19101911) mungkin merupakan edisi Ensiklopedia Britannica yang paling masyhur. Sesetengah rencananya ditulis oleh cendekiawan-cendekiawan yang amat terkenal pada masa itu. Rencana-rencana ini masih menarik dan berguna kepada cendekiawan-cendekiawan moden sebagai artifak budaya abad-abad ke-19 dan ke-20; bagaimanapun ensiklopedia ini menimbulkan sebilangan masalah kepada cendekiawan moden yang menggunakan edisi ini sebagai satu sumber. Edisi kesebelas tidak lagi dilindungi oleh hak cipta dan kini boleh didapati dalam talian, baik dalam bentuk asal mahupun dalam bahagian-bahagian yang telah digabungkan dalam karya-karya dan ensiklopedia-ensiklopedia yang lain dalam talian.


Latar belakang

Edisi Kesebelas 1911 telah dikumpulkan di bawah pimpinan penerbit Amerika Syarikat, Horace Everett Hooper, dan disunting oleh Hugh Chisholm. Pada asalnya, Hooper membeli hak-hak untuk Edisi Kesembilan yang mempunyai 25 jilid, dan memujuk The Times, sebuah akhbar British, untuk menerbitkan cetakan semulanya dengan sepuluh jilid tambahan (iaitu 35 jilid pada jumlahnya) yang dikeluarkan sebagai Edisi Kesepuluh pada 1902.

Perhubungan Hooper dengan The Times tamat pada tahun 1909, dan beliau berunding dengan Percetakan Universiti Cambridge untuk menerbitkan Edisi Sebelas yang mengandungi 29 jilid. Walaupun Ensiklopedia Britannica dianggap sebagai satu contoh unggul bagi karya-karya British, Edisi Kesebelas mempunyai pengaruh Amerika Syarikat yang cukup banyak, bukan sahaja dari segi kandungan Amerika Syarikat dan Kanada yang lebih banyak, tetapi juga dari segi usaha-usaha untum memberikannya satu nada yang lebih popular. Kaedah-kaedah pemasaran Amerika Syarikat juga dipergunakan untuk membantu jualan. Lebih kurang 11% daripada penyumbang-punyumbang edisi ini adalah orang Amerika Syarikat, dan sebuah pejabat New York telah ditubuhkan untuk mengendalikan operasi di negara itu.

Sesetengah rencana telah ditulis oleh cendekiawan-cendekiawan yang paling terkenal pada zaman itu, termasuk Edmund Gosse, J.B. Bury, Algernon Charles Swinburne, John Muir, Putera Peter Kropotkin, T.H. Huxley, G.K. Chesterton dan William Michael Rossetti. Antara penyumbang-penyumbang yang tidak begitu dikenali termasuk sebilangan yang kemudian mencapai kemasyhuran, seperti Ernest Rutherford dan Bertrand Russell. Banyak rencana disalin daripada Edisi Kesembilan dan disemak, dengan sesetengah rencana:

  • diberikan pengemaskinian yang minimum;
  • dibahagikan dibahagikan kepada bahagian-bahagian yang lebih kecil untuk memudahkan rujukan; dan
  • disingkatkan secara hebat.

Secara amnya, pengarang-pengarang yang termasyhur hanya menyumbang satu rencana yang tunggal atau sebahagian rencana. Kebanyakan rencana ditulis oleh campuran wartawan, kakitangan Muzium British, dan pensyarah. Edisi 1911 merupakan edisi pertama yang mempunyai sebilangan penyumbang wanita. Tiga puluh orang wanita menyumbang rencana dalam edisi ini. [1]

The Eleventh Edition introduced a number of changes to the format of the Britannica. It was the first to be published complete, instead of the previous method of volumes being released as they were ready. The type was kept in galleys and subject to continual updating until publication. It was the first edition of Britannica to be issued with a comprehensive index volume in which was added a categorical index, where like topics were listed. It was the first to break away from the convention of long treatise-length articles — though the overall length of the work was roughly the same as its predecessor, the numbers of articles had increased from 17,000 to 40,000. It was the first edition of Britannica to have biographies of living people.

According to Coleman and Simmons, p 32[2] the content of the encyclopedia was made up as follows:

Subject Content
Geography 29%
Pure and applied science 17%
History 17%
Literature 11%
Fine art 9%
Social science 7%
Psychology 1.7%
Philosophy 0.8%

Hooper sold the rights to Sears Roebuck of Chicago in 1920 completing the Britannica's transition into a substantially American venture.

In 1922, they published an additional three volumes covering the events of the intervening years, including the First World War. These, together with a reprint of the Eleventh Edition, formed the Twelfth Edition of the work. A similar Thirteenth Edition, of three volumes plus a reprint of the Twelfth Edition, was published in 1926, so the Twelfth and Thirteenth Editions were of course closely related to the Eleventh Edition and shared much of the same content. However, it became increasingly clear that a more thorough update of the work was required. The Fourteenth Edition, published in 1929, saw a considerable revision of the text, with much being dropped or shortened to make room for new topics. Nevertheless the 11th edition formed the basis for every revision of the Encyclopædia Britannica up until 1974, when the completely new Fifteenth Edition, based on modern information presentation, was published.

The Eleventh Edition's articles are still of value and interest to modern readers and scholars, especially as a cultural artifact: the British Empire was at its very height, imperialism was largely unchallenged, much of the world was still ruled by monarchs, and the horrors of the modern world wars were still in the future. They are an invaluable resource for topics dropped from modern encyclopedias, particularly in biography and the history of science and technology. As a literary text, the encyclopedia holds value as a voice of early 20th century prose, particularly certain passages. The encyclopedia abounds in the use of pathetic fallacy and other dated literary devices which often confound a modern reader, yet portions have some appeal to the modern literary reader.[2]

  1. ^ Gillian Thomas (1992). A Position to Command Respect: Women and the Eleventh Britannica (Satu Kedudukan untuk Dihormati: Wanita dan Britannica Kesebelas) New Jersey: Percetakan Scarecrow, ISBN 0810825678.
  2. ^ a b *All There is to Know (1994), edited by Alexander Coleman and Charles Simmons. Subtitled: "Readings from the Illustrious Eleventh Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica". ISBN 067176747X