Abiogenesis
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Stromatolites.jpg/265px-Stromatolites.jpg)
Abiogenesis atau biopoiesis[1] ialah proses semula jadi yang melibatkan hidupan bangkit daripada jirim tidak hidup seperti sebatian organik mudah.[2][3][4][5] Hidupan terawal di Bumi wujud sekurang-kurangnya 3.5 bilion tahun lalu,[6][7][8] semasa era Eoarkean apabila kerak yang mencukupi memejal ikutan Eon Hadean lebur. Pada 8 November 2013, ahli sains melaporkan penemuan sesuatu yang mungkin merupakan tanda hidupan sebenar terawal di Bumi - fosil tikaran mikrob (berhubung kait dengan batu pasir di Australia Barat) dianggarkan berumur 3.48 bilion tahun.[9][10]
Hipotesis saintifik tentang asal usul hidupan boleh dibahagikan kepada sebilangan kategori. Banyak pendekatan menyiasat cara molekul yang bereplikasi dengan sendiri atau komponennya wujud. Pada anggapan bahawa hidupan berasal secara spontan di Bumi uji kaji Miller–Urey dan uji kaji serupa menunjukkan bahawa kebanyakan asid amino, kerap dipanggil "bongkah binaan hidupan," boleh disintesis secara rasem dalam keadaan yang bertujuan serupa dengan yang mengenai Bumi awal. Beberapa mekanisme telah disiasat, termasuk kilat dan sinaran. Pendekatan lain (hipotesis "metabolisme dahulu") tertumpu pada pemahaman cara katalisis dalam sistem kimia di Bumi awal mungkin telah menyediakan molekul pelopor penting untuk replikasi sendiri.
Lihat juga
[sunting | sunting sumber]Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Bernal, J.B. (1960) "Problem of the stages in biopoesis" (in "Aspects of the Origin of Life")
- ^ Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin (20 Februari 2003). The Origin of Life. Courier Dover Publications. m/s. vi. ISBN 978-0-486-49522-4. Dicapai pada 22 Disember 2012.
- ^ "Did life come from another world?" Scientific American 293, 64 - 71 (2005). DOI:10.1038/scientificamerican1105-64
- ^ Michael Yarus (15 April 2010). Life from an RNA World: The Ancestor Within. Harvard University Press. m/s. 47. ISBN 978-0-674-05075-4. Dicapai pada 22 Disember 2012.
- ^ Juli Pereto (2005). "Controversies on the origin of life". International microbiology: the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology. 8 (1): 23–31. PMID 15906258. Unknown parameter
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ignored (bantuan) - ^ Schopf, JW, Kudryavtsev, AB, Czaja, AD, and Tripathi, AB. (2007). Evidence of Archean life: Stromatolites and microfossils. Precambrian Research 158:141-155.
- ^ Schopf, JW (2006). Fossil evidence of Archaean life. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 29;361(1470) 869-85.
- ^ Peter Hamilton Raven; George Brooks Johnson (2002). Biology. McGraw-Hill Education. m/s. 68. ISBN 978-0-07-112261-0. Dicapai pada 7 Julai 2013.
- ^ Borenstein, Seth (13 November 2013). "Oldest fossil found: Meet your microbial mom". AP News. Dicapai pada 15 November 2013.
- ^ Noffke, Nora; Christian, Christian; Wacey, David; Hazen, Robert M. (8 November 2013). "Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in the ca. 3.48 Billion-Year-Old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia". Astrobiology (jurnal). doi:10.1089/ast.2013.1030. Dicapai pada 15 November 2013.
Bacaan lanjut
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Arrhenius, Gustaf; dll. (1997). "Entropy and Charge in Molecular Evolution—the Case of Phosphate". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 187 (4): 503–22. doi:10.1006/jtbi.1996.0385. PMID 9299295.
- Buehler, Lukas K. (2000–2005) The physico-chemical basis of life, http://www.whatislife.com/about.html accessed 27 October 2005.
- Davies, Paul (1998). The Fifth Miracle. Penguin Science, London. ISBN 0-14-028226-2.
- De Duve, Christian (1996). Vital Dust: The Origin and Evolution of Life on Earth. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-09045-1. Unknown parameter
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ignored (bantuan) - Egel, R. (2011). Origins of Life: The Primal Self-Organization. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. m/s. 1–366, . doi:10.1007/978-3-642-21625-1. ISBN 978-3-642-21624-4. Unknown parameter
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ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - Fernando CT, Rowe, J (2007). "Natural selection in chemical evolution". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 247 (1): 152–67. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.01.028. PMID 17399743.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- Hartman, Hyman (1998). "Photosynthesis and the Origin of Life". Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres. 28 (4–6): 515–521. doi:10.1023/A:1006548904157. Cite has empty unknown parameter:
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(bantuan) - Harris, Henry (2002). Things come to life. Spontaneous generation revisited. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-851538-3. Cite has empty unknown parameter:
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(bantuan) - Hazen, Robert M. (2005). Genesis: The Scientific Quest for Life's Origins. Joseph Henry Press. ISBN 0-309-09432-1. Unknown parameter
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ignored (bantuan) - Gribbon, John (1998). The Case of the Missing Neutrinos and other Curious Phenomena of the Universe. Penguin Science, London. ISBN 0-14-028734-5.
- Horgan, J (1991). "In the beginning". Scientific American. 264 (6): 100–109. Bibcode:1991SciAm.264..100P. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0691-100. (Cited on p. 108).
- Huber, C. and Wächtershäuser, G., (1998). "Peptides by activation of amino acids with CO on (Ni,Fe)S surfaces: implications for the origin of life". Science. 281 (5377): 670–2. Bibcode:1998Sci...281..670H. doi:10.1126/science.281.5377.670. PMID 9685253.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (Cited on p. 108).
- Knoll, Andrew H. (2003). Life on a Young Planet: The First Three Billion Years of Evolution on Earth. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00978-3.
- Luisi, Pier Luigi (2006). The Emergence of Life: From Chemical Origins to Synthetic Biology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-82117-7.
- Martin, W. and Russell M.J. (2002). "On the origins of cells: a hypothesis for the evolutionary transitions from abiotic geochemistry to chemoautotrophic prokaryotes, and from prokaryotes to nucleated cells". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 358 (1429): 59–83, discussion 83–5. doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1183. PMC 1693102. PMID 12594918.
- Maynard Smith, John (16 Mac 2000). The Origins of Life: From the Birth of Life to the Origin of Language. Oxford Paperbacks. ISBN 0-19-286209-X. Unknown parameter
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ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan) - Morowitz, Harold J. (1992) "Beginnings of Cellular Life: Metabolism Recapitulates Biogenesis". Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-05483-1
- NASA Astrobiology Institute: Earth's Early Environment and Life Diarkibkan 2012-02-17 di Wayback Machine
- NASA Specialized Center of Research and Training in Exobiology: Gustaf O. Arrhenius
- Pitsch, Stefan (2000). "Concentration of Simple Aldehydes by Sulfite-Containing Double-Layer Hydroxide Minerals: Implications for Biopoesis" (abstract). Helvetica Chimica Acta. 83 (9): 2398 2411. doi:10.1002/1522-2675(20000906)83:9<2398::AID-HLCA2398>3.0.CO;2-5. Unknown parameter
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ignored (|author=
suggested) (bantuan)[pautan mati kekal] - Pross, Addy (2012). What is Life?: How chemistry becomes biology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-964101-3.
- Russell MJ, Hall AJ, Cairns-Smith AG, Braterman PS (1988). "Submarine hot springs and the origin of life". Nature. 336 (6195): 117. Bibcode:1988Natur.336..117R. doi:10.1038/336117a0.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- Dedicated issue of Philosophical Transactions B on Major Steps in Cell Evolution freely available.[pautan mati kekal]
- Dedicated issue of Philosophical Transactions B on the Emergence of Life on the Early Earth freely available.[pautan mati kekal]
Pautan luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]- A.E.Zlobin, Tunguska similar impacts and origin of life (mathematical theory of origin of life, incoming of pattern recognition algorithm due to comets)
- The Origin of Life Diarkibkan 2011-11-26 di Wayback Machine Video by John Maynard Smith
- "Harvard Team Creates the World's 1st Synthesized Cells" Diarkibkan 2012-02-28 di Wayback Machine
- Martin A. Nowak and Hisashi Ohtsuki. Prevolutionary dynamics and the origin of evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2008
- "Exploring Life's Origins: a Virtual Exhibit"
- "SELF-REPLICATION: Even peptides do it" by Stuart A. Kauffman (web archive version as original page no longer accessible)
- Origins of Life website including papers, resources, by Dr. Michael Russell at the U. of Glasgow
- Possible Connections Between Interstellar Chemistry and the Origin of Life on the Earth Diarkibkan 2006-09-29 di Wayback Machine
- Scientists Find Clues That Life Began in Deep Space—NASA Astrobiology Institute Diarkibkan 2013-02-20 di Wayback Machine
- Self-organizing biochemical cycles—by Leslie Orgel
- How Life Began: New Research Suggests Simple Approach
- Primordial Soup's On: Scientists Repeat Evolution's Most Famous Experiment Diarkibkan 2007-07-13 di Wayback Machine–an article in Scientific American. March 28, 2007
- Illustrations from Evolution (textbook)
- An abiogenesis primer for laymen Diarkibkan 2012-10-25 di Wayback Machine
- Evolution before genes. Diarkibkan 2012-05-08 di Wayback Machine Vera Vasas et al., Biology Direct, 2012, 7:1.
- Debate bubbles over the origin of life
- How life began on Earth
- Early Archean Serpentine mud Volcanoes at Isua, Greenland, as a Niche for Early Life Marie-Laure Pons et al. PNAS
- The Origins of Life Smithsonian magazine
Templat:Asal usul hidupan Templat:Pandu arah biologi Templat:CabangKimia Templat:Pandu arah alam semula jadi