Chiefdom
| Sebahagian daripada siri Politik |
| Bentuk asas pemerintahan |
|---|
Chiefdom ialah bentuk organisasi politik hierarki dalam masyarakat bukan perindustrian yang biasanya berdasarkan kekerabatan, dan di mana kepimpinan formal dimonopoli oleh ahli keluarga terpilih yang sah atau 'wangsa'. Elit ini membentuk aristokrasi berideologi politik berbanding kumpulan umum.[1]
Gambaran keseluruhan
[sunting | sunting sumber]Dalam teori antropologi, satu model perkembangan sosial manusia yang berakar umbi dalam evolusi budaya menggambarkan chiefdom sebagai suatu bentuk organisasi sosial yang lebih kompleks daripada sebuah suku atau masyarakat kumpulan, tetapi kurang kompleks berbanding negara atau tamadun.
Di dalam teori umum evolusi budaya, chiefdom dicirikan oleh bentuk kepimpinan politik yang kekal dan dilembagakan (ketua), membuat keputusan berpusat, saling bergantung ekonomi, dan mempunyai hierarki sosial.
Ketua-kenyatua kepala digambarkan sebagai pertengahan antara suku dan negara dalam skop progresif pembangunan sosiopolitik yang dirumuskan oleh Elman Service: kumpulan - suku - chiefdom - negeri.[2] Status ketua chiefdom ialah berdasarkan persaudaraan, jadi ia diwarisi atau bawaan.[3] Satu lagi ciri utama chiefdom adalah ketidaksamaan sosial yang meluas. Mereka berada di peringkat masyarakat, mengikut skop pembangunan sosiopolitik progresif yang dirumuskan oleh Morton Fried: egalitarian - berpangkat - bertingkat - negeri.[4]
Takrif yang paling ringkas tentang chiefdom dalam antropologi ialah yang dinyatakan oleh Robert L. Carneiro: "Sebuah unit politik autonomi yang terdiri daripada beberapa kampung atau komuniti di bawah kawalan kekal seorang ketua utama" (Carneiro 1981: 45).
Lihat juga
[sunting | sunting sumber]Bibliografi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Berezkin, Yu. E. 1995. "Alternative Models of Middle Range Society" and " 'Individualistic' Asia vs. 'Collectivistic' America?", in Alternative Pathways to Early State, Ed. N. N. Kradin & V. A. Lynsha. Vladivostok: Dal'nauka: 75–83.
- Carneiro, R. L. 1981. "The Chiefdom: Precursor of the State", The Transition to Statehood in the New World / Ed. by G. D. Jones and R. R. Kautz, pp. 37–79. Cambridge, UK – New York, NY: Cam-bridge University Press.
- Carneiro, R. L. 1991. "The Nature of the Chiefdom as Revealed by Evidence from the Cauca Valley of Colombia", Profiles in Cultural Evolution / Ed. by A.T. Rambo and K. Gillogly, pp. 167–90. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
- Earle, T. K. 1997. How Chiefs Came to Power: The Political Economy of Prehistory. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
- Frantsouzoff S. A. 2000. "The Society of Raybūn", in Alternatives of Social Evolution. Ed. by N.N. Kradin, A.V. Korotayev, Dmitri Bondarenko, V. de Munck, and P.K. Wason (p. 258-265). Vladivostok: Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
- Korotayev, Andrey V. 2000. Chiefdom: Precursor of the Tribe?, in Alternatives of Social Evolution. Ed. by N.N. Kradin, A.V. Korotayev, Dmitri Bondarenko, V. de Munck, and P.K. Wason (p. 242-257). Vladivostok: Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; reprinted in: The Early State, its Alternatives and Analogues. Ed. by Leonid Grinin et al. (р. 300-324). Volgograd: Uchitel', 2004.
- Kradin, Nikolay N. 2000. "Nomadic Empires in Evolutionary Perspective", in Alternatives of Social Evolution. Ed. by N.N. Kradin, A.V. Korotayev, Dmitri Bondarenko, V. de Munck, and P.K. Wason (p. 274-288). Vladivostok: Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; reprinted in: The Early State, its Alternatives and Analogues. Ed. by Leonid Grinin et al. (р. 501-524). Volgograd: Uchitel', 2004.
- Kradin, Nikolay N. 2002. "Nomadism, Evolution, and World-Systems: Pastoral Societies in Theories of Historical Development", Journal of World-System Research 8: 368-388.
- Kradin, Nikolay N. 2003. "Nomadic Empires: Origins, Rise, Decline", Nomadic Pathways in Social Evolution. Ed. by N.N. Kradin, Dmitri Bondarenko, and T. Barfield (p. 73-87). Moscow: Center for Civilizational Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences.
Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Helm, Mary (2010). Access to Origins: Affines, Ancestors, and Aristocrats. Austin, TX: Univ Of Texas Press. m/s. 4. ISBN 9780292723740. OCLC 640095710.
- ^ Service, Elman R (1976). Primitive Social Organization: An Evolutionary Perspective (dalam bahasa English). Chicago, IL: Random House. ISBN 0394316355.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- ^ Sahlins, Marshall D. (1963). "Poor Man, Rich Man, Big-man, Chief: Political Types in Melanesia and Polynesia". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 5 (3): 285–303. doi:10.1017/S0010417500001729. ISSN 1475-2999.
- ^ Fried, Morton Herbert (1976). The Evolution of Political Society: An Essay in Political Anthropology (dalam bahasa English). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0075535793.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
Pautan luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Characteristics of Chiefdoms
- Chiefdom: Precursor of the Tribe? Diarkibkan 2014-01-03 di Wayback Machine
- Origins and Evolution of Chiefdoms Diarkibkan 2014-01-03 di Wayback Machine
- Was the Chiefdom a Congelation of Ideas? by Robert L. Carneiro. In Grinin L. E. et al. Early State, Its Alternatives and Analogues. Volgograd, Uchitel, 2004.